diff --git a/src/common/frame.c b/src/common/frame.c
index c4f64a4..f9faeac 100644
--- a/src/common/frame.c
+++ b/src/common/frame.c
@@ -28,11 +28,13 @@ frame_s *frame_init(const char *role) {
 
 	A_CALLOC(frame, 1);
 	frame->role = role;
+	frame->managed = true;
 	frame_realloc_data(frame, 500 * 1024);
 	return frame;
 }
 
 void frame_destroy(frame_s *frame) {
+	assert(frame->managed);
 	if (frame->data) {
 		free(frame->data);
 	}
@@ -40,6 +42,7 @@ void frame_destroy(frame_s *frame) {
 }
 
 void frame_realloc_data(frame_s *frame, size_t size) {
+	assert(frame->managed);
 	if (frame->allocated < size) {
 		LOG_DEBUG("Increasing frame buffer '%s': %zu -> %zu (+%zu)",
 			frame->role, frame->allocated, size, size - frame->allocated);
@@ -49,12 +52,15 @@ void frame_realloc_data(frame_s *frame, size_t size) {
 }
 
 void frame_set_data(frame_s *frame, const uint8_t *data, size_t size) {
+	assert(frame->managed);
 	frame_realloc_data(frame, size);
 	memcpy(frame->data, data, size);
 	frame->used = size;
 }
 
 void frame_append_data(frame_s *frame, const uint8_t *data, size_t size) {
+	assert(frame->managed);
+
 	size_t new_used = frame->used + size;
 
 	frame_realloc_data(frame, new_used);
@@ -63,6 +69,8 @@ void frame_append_data(frame_s *frame, const uint8_t *data, size_t size) {
 }
 
 void frame_copy(const frame_s *src, frame_s *dest) {
+	assert(dest->managed);
+
 	frame_set_data(dest, src->data, src->used);
 
 #	define COPY(_field) dest->_field = src->_field
@@ -72,6 +80,7 @@ void frame_copy(const frame_s *src, frame_s *dest) {
 
 	COPY(width);
 	COPY(height);
+	COPY(format);
 
 	COPY(grab_ts);
 	COPY(encode_begin_ts);
diff --git a/src/common/frame.h b/src/common/frame.h
index ca727c5..e083385 100644
--- a/src/common/frame.h
+++ b/src/common/frame.h
@@ -35,14 +35,19 @@
 
 typedef struct {
 	const char	*role;
+
 	uint8_t		*data;
 	size_t		used;
 	size_t		allocated;
 	unsigned	width;
 	unsigned	height;
+	unsigned	format;
+
 	long double	grab_ts;
 	long double	encode_begin_ts;
 	long double	encode_end_ts;
+
+	bool managed;
 } frame_s;
 
 
diff --git a/src/ustreamer/device.c b/src/ustreamer/device.c
index 4f2c54c..ceaaa25 100644
--- a/src/ustreamer/device.c
+++ b/src/ustreamer/device.c
@@ -178,14 +178,14 @@ void device_close(device_s *dev) {
 #			define HW(_next) RUN(hw_buffers)[index]._next
 
 			if (dev->io_method == V4L2_MEMORY_MMAP) {
-				if (HW(allocated) > 0 && HW(data) != MAP_FAILED) {
-					if (munmap(HW(data), HW(allocated)) < 0) {
+				if (HW(raw.allocated) > 0 && HW(raw.data) != MAP_FAILED) {
+					if (munmap(HW(raw.data), HW(raw.allocated)) < 0) {
 						LOG_PERROR("Can't unmap device buffer %u", index);
 					}
 				}
 			} else { // V4L2_MEMORY_USERPTR
-				if (HW(data)) {
-					free(HW(data));
+				if (HW(raw.data)) {
+					free(HW(raw.data));
 				}
 			}
 			A_MUTEX_DESTROY(&HW(grabbed_mutex));
@@ -321,12 +321,12 @@ int device_grab_buffer(device_s *dev) {
 	HW(grabbed) = true;
 	A_MUTEX_UNLOCK(&HW(grabbed_mutex));
 
-	HW(used) = buf_info.bytesused;
-	HW(width) = RUN(width);
-	HW(height) = RUN(height);
-	HW(format) = RUN(format);
+	HW(raw.used) = buf_info.bytesused;
+	HW(raw.width) = RUN(width);
+	HW(raw.height) = RUN(height);
+	HW(raw.format) = RUN(format);
 	memcpy(&HW(buf_info), &buf_info, sizeof(struct v4l2_buffer));
-	HW(grab_ts) = get_now_monotonic();
+	HW(raw.grab_ts) = get_now_monotonic();
 
 #	undef HW
 	return buf_info.index;
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ static int _device_open_io_method_mmap(device_s *dev) {
 		A_MUTEX_INIT(&HW(grabbed_mutex));
 
 		LOG_DEBUG("Mapping device buffer %u ...", RUN(n_buffers));
-		if ((HW(data) = mmap(
+		if ((HW(raw.data) = mmap(
 			NULL,
 			buf_info.length,
 			PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@ static int _device_open_io_method_mmap(device_s *dev) {
 			LOG_PERROR("Can't map device buffer %u", RUN(n_buffers));
 			return -1;
 		}
-		HW(allocated) = buf_info.length;
+		HW(raw.allocated) = buf_info.length;
 
 #		undef HW
 	}
@@ -672,9 +672,9 @@ static int _device_open_io_method_userptr(device_s *dev) {
 	for (RUN(n_buffers) = 0; RUN(n_buffers) < req.count; ++RUN(n_buffers)) {
 #       define HW(_next) RUN(hw_buffers)[RUN(n_buffers)]._next
 
-		assert(HW(data) = aligned_alloc(page_size, buf_size));
-		memset(HW(data), 0, buf_size);
-		HW(allocated) = buf_size;
+		assert(HW(raw.data) = aligned_alloc(page_size, buf_size));
+		memset(HW(raw.data), 0, buf_size);
+		HW(raw.allocated) = buf_size;
 
 #		undef HW
 	}
@@ -690,8 +690,8 @@ static int _device_open_queue_buffers(device_s *dev) {
 		buf_info.memory = dev->io_method;
 		buf_info.index = index;
 		if (dev->io_method == V4L2_MEMORY_USERPTR) {
-			buf_info.m.userptr = (unsigned long)RUN(hw_buffers)[index].data;
-			buf_info.length = RUN(hw_buffers)[index].allocated;
+			buf_info.m.userptr = (unsigned long)RUN(hw_buffers)[index].raw.data;
+			buf_info.length = RUN(hw_buffers)[index].raw.allocated;
 		}
 
 		LOG_DEBUG("Calling ioctl(VIDIOC_QBUF) for buffer %u ...", index);
diff --git a/src/ustreamer/device.h b/src/ustreamer/device.h
index f627038..54b0141 100644
--- a/src/ustreamer/device.h
+++ b/src/ustreamer/device.h
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 #include "../common/tools.h"
 #include "../common/logging.h"
 #include "../common/threading.h"
+#include "../common/frame.h"
 
 #include "xioctl.h"
 
@@ -71,13 +72,7 @@
 
 
 typedef struct {
-	uint8_t		*data;
-	size_t		used;
-	size_t		allocated;
-	unsigned	width;
-	unsigned	height;
-	unsigned	format;
-	long double	grab_ts;
+	frame_s raw;
 
 	struct v4l2_buffer buf_info;
 
diff --git a/src/ustreamer/encoder.c b/src/ustreamer/encoder.c
index cd1cfb6..7901ca4 100644
--- a/src/ustreamer/encoder.c
+++ b/src/ustreamer/encoder.c
@@ -207,26 +207,26 @@ void encoder_get_runtime_params(encoder_s *encoder, encoder_type_e *type, unsign
 
 #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-parameter"
 #pragma GCC diagnostic push
-int encoder_compress_buffer(encoder_s *encoder, unsigned worker_number, hw_buffer_s *hw, frame_s *frame) {
+int encoder_compress_buffer(encoder_s *encoder, unsigned worker_number, frame_s *raw, frame_s *frame) {
 #pragma GCC diagnostic pop
 
 	assert(ER(type) != ENCODER_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
-	assert(hw->used > 0);
+	assert(raw->used > 0);
 
-	frame->grab_ts = hw->grab_ts;
+	frame->grab_ts = raw->grab_ts;
 	frame->encode_begin_ts = get_now_monotonic();
 
 	if (ER(type) == ENCODER_TYPE_CPU) {
 		LOG_VERBOSE("Compressing buffer using CPU");
-		cpu_encoder_compress_buffer(hw, frame, ER(quality));
+		cpu_encoder_compress_buffer(raw, frame, ER(quality));
 	} else if (ER(type) == ENCODER_TYPE_HW) {
 		LOG_VERBOSE("Compressing buffer using HW (just copying)");
-		hw_encoder_compress_buffer(hw, frame);
+		hw_encoder_compress_buffer(raw, frame);
 	}
 #	ifdef WITH_OMX
 	else if (ER(type) == ENCODER_TYPE_OMX) {
 		LOG_VERBOSE("Compressing buffer using OMX");
-		if (omx_encoder_compress_buffer(ER(omxs[worker_number]), hw, frame) < 0) {
+		if (omx_encoder_compress_buffer(ER(omxs[worker_number]), raw, frame) < 0) {
 			goto error;
 		}
 	}
@@ -240,8 +240,9 @@ int encoder_compress_buffer(encoder_s *encoder, unsigned worker_number, hw_buffe
 
 	frame->encode_end_ts = get_now_monotonic();
 
-	frame->width = hw->width;
-	frame->height = hw->height;
+	frame->width = raw->width;
+	frame->height = raw->height;
+	// frame->format = V4L2_PIX_FMT_JPEG;
 
 	return 0;
 
diff --git a/src/ustreamer/encoder.h b/src/ustreamer/encoder.h
index 2c58e7e..c5e974d 100644
--- a/src/ustreamer/encoder.h
+++ b/src/ustreamer/encoder.h
@@ -111,4 +111,4 @@ const char *encoder_type_to_string(encoder_type_e type);
 void encoder_prepare(encoder_s *encoder, device_s *dev);
 void encoder_get_runtime_params(encoder_s *encoder, encoder_type_e *type, unsigned *quality);
 
-int encoder_compress_buffer(encoder_s *encoder, unsigned worker_number, hw_buffer_s *hw, frame_s *frame);
+int encoder_compress_buffer(encoder_s *encoder, unsigned worker_number, frame_s *raw, frame_s *frame);
diff --git a/src/ustreamer/encoders/cpu/encoder.c b/src/ustreamer/encoders/cpu/encoder.c
index 52ce3b5..8e9c168 100644
--- a/src/ustreamer/encoders/cpu/encoder.c
+++ b/src/ustreamer/encoders/cpu/encoder.c
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ static boolean _jpeg_empty_output_buffer(j_compress_ptr jpeg);
 static void _jpeg_term_destination(j_compress_ptr jpeg);
 
 
-void cpu_encoder_compress_buffer(hw_buffer_s *hw, frame_s *frame, unsigned quality) {
+void cpu_encoder_compress_buffer(frame_s *raw, frame_s *frame, unsigned quality) {
 	// This function based on compress_image_to_jpeg() from mjpg-streamer
 
 	struct jpeg_compress_struct jpeg;
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ void cpu_encoder_compress_buffer(hw_buffer_s *hw, frame_s *frame, unsigned quali
 
 	_jpeg_set_picture(&jpeg, frame);
 
-	jpeg.image_width = hw->width;
-	jpeg.image_height = hw->height;
+	jpeg.image_width = raw->width;
+	jpeg.image_height = raw->height;
 	jpeg.input_components = 3;
 	jpeg.in_color_space = JCS_RGB;
 
@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ void cpu_encoder_compress_buffer(hw_buffer_s *hw, frame_s *frame, unsigned quali
 	jpeg_start_compress(&jpeg, TRUE);
 
 #	define WRITE_SCANLINES(_format, _func) \
-		case _format: { _func(&jpeg, hw->data, hw->width, hw->height); break; }
+		case _format: { _func(&jpeg, raw->data, raw->width, raw->height); break; }
 
-	switch (hw->format) {
+	switch (raw->format) {
 		// https://www.fourcc.org/yuv.php
 		WRITE_SCANLINES(V4L2_PIX_FMT_YUYV, _jpeg_write_scanlines_yuyv);
 		WRITE_SCANLINES(V4L2_PIX_FMT_UYVY, _jpeg_write_scanlines_uyvy);
diff --git a/src/ustreamer/encoders/cpu/encoder.h b/src/ustreamer/encoders/cpu/encoder.h
index 72a18c4..c28a3dc 100644
--- a/src/ustreamer/encoders/cpu/encoder.h
+++ b/src/ustreamer/encoders/cpu/encoder.h
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@
 
 #include "../../../common/tools.h"
 #include "../../../common/frame.h"
-#include "../../device.h"
 
 
-void cpu_encoder_compress_buffer(hw_buffer_s *hw, frame_s *frame, unsigned quality);
+void cpu_encoder_compress_buffer(frame_s *raw, frame_s *frame, unsigned quality);
diff --git a/src/ustreamer/encoders/hw/encoder.c b/src/ustreamer/encoders/hw/encoder.c
index 19a507a..ec13319 100644
--- a/src/ustreamer/encoders/hw/encoder.c
+++ b/src/ustreamer/encoders/hw/encoder.c
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 #include "encoder.h"
 
 
-void _copy_plus_huffman(const hw_buffer_s *src, frame_s *dest);
+void _copy_plus_huffman(const frame_s *src, frame_s *dest);
 static bool _is_huffman(const uint8_t *data);
 
 
@@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ int hw_encoder_prepare(device_s *dev, unsigned quality) {
 	return 0;
 }
 
-void hw_encoder_compress_buffer(hw_buffer_s *hw, frame_s *frame) {
-	if (hw->format != V4L2_PIX_FMT_MJPEG && hw->format != V4L2_PIX_FMT_JPEG) {
+void hw_encoder_compress_buffer(frame_s *raw, frame_s *frame) {
+	if (raw->format != V4L2_PIX_FMT_MJPEG && raw->format != V4L2_PIX_FMT_JPEG) {
 		assert(0 && "Unsupported input format for HW encoder");
 	}
-	_copy_plus_huffman(hw, frame);
+	_copy_plus_huffman(raw, frame);
 }
 
-void _copy_plus_huffman(const hw_buffer_s *src, frame_s *dest) {
+void _copy_plus_huffman(const frame_s *src, frame_s *dest) {
 	if (!_is_huffman(src->data)) {
 		const uint8_t *src_ptr = src->data;
 		const uint8_t *src_end = src->data + src->used;
diff --git a/src/ustreamer/encoders/hw/encoder.h b/src/ustreamer/encoders/hw/encoder.h
index 33c856f..7303a8e 100644
--- a/src/ustreamer/encoders/hw/encoder.h
+++ b/src/ustreamer/encoders/hw/encoder.h
@@ -39,4 +39,4 @@
 
 
 int hw_encoder_prepare(device_s *dev, unsigned quality);
-void hw_encoder_compress_buffer(hw_buffer_s *hw, frame_s *frame);
+void hw_encoder_compress_buffer(frame_s *raw, frame_s *frame);
diff --git a/src/ustreamer/encoders/omx/encoder.c b/src/ustreamer/encoders/omx/encoder.c
index ec4be3c..7e5e769 100644
--- a/src/ustreamer/encoders/omx/encoder.c
+++ b/src/ustreamer/encoders/omx/encoder.c
@@ -154,12 +154,12 @@ int omx_encoder_prepare(omx_encoder_s *omx, device_s *dev, unsigned quality) {
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int omx_encoder_compress_buffer(omx_encoder_s *omx, hw_buffer_s *hw, frame_s *frame) {
+int omx_encoder_compress_buffer(omx_encoder_s *omx, frame_s *raw, frame_s *frame) {
 #	define IN(_next)	omx->input_buffer->_next
 #	define OUT(_next)	omx->output_buffer->_next
 
 	OMX_ERRORTYPE error;
-	size_t slice_size = (IN(nAllocLen) < hw->used ? IN(nAllocLen) : hw->used);
+	size_t slice_size = (IN(nAllocLen) < raw->used ? IN(nAllocLen) : raw->used);
 	size_t pos = 0;
 
 	if ((error = OMX_FillThisBuffer(omx->encoder, omx->output_buffer)) != OMX_ErrorNone) {
@@ -195,18 +195,18 @@ int omx_encoder_compress_buffer(omx_encoder_s *omx, hw_buffer_s *hw, frame_s *fr
 		if (omx->input_required) {
 			omx->input_required = false;
 
-			if (pos == hw->used) {
+			if (pos == raw->used) {
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			memcpy(IN(pBuffer), hw->data + pos, slice_size);
+			memcpy(IN(pBuffer), raw->data + pos, slice_size);
 			IN(nOffset) = 0;
 			IN(nFilledLen) = slice_size;
 
 			pos += slice_size;
 
-			if (pos + slice_size > hw->used) {
-				slice_size = hw->used - pos;
+			if (pos + slice_size > raw->used) {
+				slice_size = raw->used - pos;
 			}
 
 			if ((error = OMX_EmptyThisBuffer(omx->encoder, omx->input_buffer)) != OMX_ErrorNone) {
diff --git a/src/ustreamer/encoders/omx/encoder.h b/src/ustreamer/encoders/omx/encoder.h
index 71e7fd0..8177517 100644
--- a/src/ustreamer/encoders/omx/encoder.h
+++ b/src/ustreamer/encoders/omx/encoder.h
@@ -71,4 +71,4 @@ omx_encoder_s *omx_encoder_init(void);
 void omx_encoder_destroy(omx_encoder_s *omx);
 
 int omx_encoder_prepare(omx_encoder_s *omx, device_s *dev, unsigned quality);
-int omx_encoder_compress_buffer(omx_encoder_s *omx, hw_buffer_s *hw, frame_s *frame);
+int omx_encoder_compress_buffer(omx_encoder_s *omx, frame_s *raw, frame_s *frame);
diff --git a/src/ustreamer/stream.c b/src/ustreamer/stream.c
index 36de92e..4be1a84 100644
--- a/src/ustreamer/stream.c
+++ b/src/ustreamer/stream.c
@@ -209,15 +209,15 @@ void stream_loop(stream_s *stream) {
 							LOG_VERBOSE("Fluency: delay=%.03Lf, grab_after=%.03Lf", fluency_delay, grab_after);
 
 #							ifdef WITH_RAWSINK
-#							define HW(_next) DEV(run->hw_buffers[buf_index]._next)
+#							define RAW(_next) DEV(run->hw_buffers[buf_index].raw._next)
 							if (stream->rawsink && rawsink_server_put(
-								stream->rawsink, HW(data), HW(used), HW(format),
-								HW(width), HW(height), HW(grab_ts), true
+								stream->rawsink, RAW(data), RAW(used), RAW(format),
+								RAW(width), RAW(height), RAW(grab_ts), true
 							) < 0) {
 								stream->rawsink = NULL;
 								LOG_ERROR("RAW sink completely disabled due error");
 							}
-#							undef HW
+#							undef RAW
 #							endif
 
 							_workers_pool_assign(pool, ready_wr, buf_index);
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ static void *_worker_thread(void *v_worker) {
 			wr->job_failed = (bool)encoder_compress_buffer(
 				wr->stream->encoder,
 				wr->number,
-				&wr->stream->dev->run->hw_buffers[wr->buf_index],
+				&wr->stream->dev->run->hw_buffers[wr->buf_index].raw,
 				wr->frame
 			);