Merge pull request #327 from synox/patch-1

doc: start with examples before the export reference, thanks to @synox
Added tag_groups arg to ExifTool.asdict(), issue #324
2021-01-03 10:30:28 -08:00 · 2021-01-03 10:28:44 -08:00 · 2021-01-03 19:09:29 +01:00 · 2021-01-03 19:08:32 +01:00 · 2021-01-03 19:04:49 +01:00 · 2021-01-03 09:48:01 -08:00
27 changed files with 2623 additions and 799 deletions
--- a/.all-contributorsrc
+++ b/.all-contributorsrc
@@ -118,6 +118,15 @@
      "contributions": [
        "doc"
      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "login": "synox",
+      "name": "Aravindo Wingeier",
+      "avatar_url": "https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/2250964?v=4",
+      "profile": "https://github.com/synox",
+      "contributions": [
+        "doc"
+      ]
    }
  ],
  "contributorsPerLine": 7
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -4,6 +4,134 @@ All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file. Dates are d

 Generated by [`auto-changelog`](https://github.com/CookPete/auto-changelog).

+#### [v0.39.6](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.39.5...v0.39.6)
+
+> 3 January 2021
+
+- Make readme easier for beginners, thanks to @synox  [`#326`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/pull/326)
+- doc simplify readme [`02ef0f9`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/02ef0f9a254e83a3729a09cea1ae523407074896)
+- Added exception handling/capture for convert-to-jpeg, issue #322 [`05f111a`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/05f111a287e882ed6b451a550a87753501316aba)
+-  Add @synox as a contributor [`83915c6`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/83915c65abb880036f80ebd830eb1e34292f9599)
+
+#### [v0.39.5](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.39.4...v0.39.5)
+
+> 3 January 2021
+
+- Cleanup up the readme [`38842ff`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/38842ff9249e6f5b3069a88a759c8df97ddce51c)
+
+#### [v0.39.4](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.39.3...v0.39.4)
+
+> 3 January 2021
+
+- Implemented text replacement for templates, issue #316 [`478715a`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/478715a363f5009e4a38148e832bf0ad3c4cc4f8)
+
+#### [v0.39.3](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.39.2...v0.39.3)
+
+> 31 December 2020
+
+- Fixed modified template to use creation time if no modificationd date, issue #312 [`2f57abd`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/2f57abd23cabe57bcf667a1713c37689b330a702)
+
+#### [v0.39.2](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.39.1...v0.39.2)
+
+> 31 December 2020
+
+- Added --xattr-template, closes #242 [`#242`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/issues/242)
+
+#### [v0.39.1](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.39.0...v0.39.1)
+
+> 31 December 2020
+
+- Fixed --exiftool-path bug, issue #311, #313 [`3394c52`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/3394c527682d8fdd2f20f4f778d802dab86b6372)
+
+#### [v0.39.0](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.38.22...v0.39.0)
+
+> 30 December 2020
+
+- Added Finder tags, partial implementation for issue #242  [`#310`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/pull/310)
+- Added tests for Finder tags [`29e4245`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/29e424575a522ae03efe5a140be46bfd0a1346c5)
+- Initial implementation for Finder tags [`5885b23`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/5885b23d3249cf91953092a6b1ce967da2667e29)
+- Updated README for finder tags [`f25a299`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/f25a2993097ad7b2b8ab2d1c787db58c0d799a41)
+- Updated requirements.txt [`ea373c4`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/ea373c4197ce1cce00e89157fe560d1366f7e764)
+
+#### [v0.38.22](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.38.21...v0.38.22)
+
+> 30 December 2020
+
+- Fixed --exiftool-path bug, issue #308 [`5dccdf7`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/5dccdf7750611c78de5356bb02f6023d4fc382c5)
+
+#### [v0.38.21](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.38.20...v0.38.21)
+
+> 29 December 2020
+
+- Fixed --exiftool-path to work with --exiftool-merge-keywords/persons [`3872e7a`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/3872e7ae649f42d849de472a7dbf78a241d54407)
+
+#### [v0.38.20](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.38.19...v0.38.20)
+
+> 29 December 2020
+
+- Added --exiftool-path to CLI [`4897fc4`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/4897fc4b05cc7a3bea314f9cce8a2163bf3922b2)
+
+#### [v0.38.19](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.38.18...v0.38.19)
+
+> 29 December 2020
+
+- Added exiftool signature to JSON output, issue #303 [`fa58af8`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/fa58af8b883da11fdfa723d2da75a600d927d46e)
+
+#### [v0.38.18](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.38.17...v0.38.18)
+
+> 28 December 2020
+
+- Added --exiftool-merge-keywords/persons, issue #299, #292 [`b1cb99f`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/b1cb99f83f55128a314d265d4588134cb79026c6)
+
+#### [v0.38.17](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.38.16...v0.38.17)
+
+> 28 December 2020
+
+- Added --sidecar-drop-ext, issue #291 [`dce002c`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/dce002cdfe12fa5fa4ada4d5097828a5375c2ecd)
+- Updated Template Substitution table [`7bd189e`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/7bd189e9b22a2ad5a8a80deb7cb93c61be37c771)
+
+#### [v0.38.16](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.38.15...v0.38.16)
+
+> 28 December 2020
+
+- Added searchinfo templates, issue #302 [`0d086bf`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/0d086bf85102ce78b3111c64bfa88673fbc19559)
+
+#### [v0.38.15](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.38.14...v0.38.15)
+
+> 28 December 2020
+
+- Added --sidecar exiftool, issue #303 [`d833c14`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/d833c14ef4b3f9375a85034cf0fb0f85a68cabb4)
+- Refactored sidecar code [`ade98fc`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/ade98fc15051684bfb54d0199d9c370481b70dcc)
+- Refactored export2 to use sidecar bit field [`0d66759`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/0d66759b1c200f1ecda202e28c259f88fd3db599)
+
+#### [v0.38.14](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.38.13...v0.38.14)
+
+> 27 December 2020
+
+- Bug fix for --description-template, issue #304 [`4cc40d2`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/4cc40d24cfb11ef8668c5d3c3bab40371fdd0436)
+
+#### [v0.38.13](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.38.12...v0.38.13)
+
+> 27 December 2020
+
+- Set XMP:Subject to match Keywords, issue #302 [`75888cd`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/75888cd6633d3f0180d24fef4f6776986a136f0f)
+
+#### [v0.38.12](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.38.11...v0.38.12)
+
+> 26 December 2020
+
+- Fixed city/sub-locality for SearchInfo [`f9f699b`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/f9f699ba3500d58494f955d4e5d8118e336e6a2c)
+
+#### [v0.38.11](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.38.9...v0.38.11)
+
+> 26 December 2020
+
+- Exposed SearchInfo, closes #121 [`#121`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/issues/121)
+- Added version to --verbose, closes #297 [`#297`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/issues/297)
+- Added --exportdb [`2a49255`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/2a49255277d3c6bd3b0d5f8288afd7de7dab0320)
+- Updated README.md [`f469ccc`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/f469cccc4b4561db7611c3e9abf5aefc3ab0f648)
+- Fixed help text [`f3b7134`](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commit/f3b7134af1e3d07fb956eaccccd9d60bd075d3bf)
+
 #### [v0.38.9](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/compare/v0.38.8...v0.38.9)

 > 21 December 2020
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 [![License: MIT](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-yellow.svg)](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
 [![Python package](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/workflows/Python%20package/badge.svg)](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/workflows/Python%20package/badge.svg)
 <!-- ALL-CONTRIBUTORS-BADGE:START - Do not remove or modify this section -->
-[![All Contributors](https://img.shields.io/badge/all_contributors-12-orange.svg?style=flat-square)](#contributors-)
+[![All Contributors](https://img.shields.io/badge/all_contributors-13-orange.svg?style=flat-square)](#contributors-)
 <!-- ALL-CONTRIBUTORS-BADGE:END -->

 - [OSXPhotos](#osxphotos)
@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@
  * [Supported operating systems](#supported-operating-systems)
  * [Installation instructions](#installation-instructions)
  * [Command Line Usage](#command-line-usage)
-  * [Example uses of the package](#example-uses-of-the-package)
+    + [Command line examples](#command-line-examples)
+    + [Command line reference: export](#command-line-reference-export)
  * [Package Interface](#package-interface)
    + [PhotosDB](#photosdb)
    + [PhotoInfo](#photoinfo)
@@ -40,31 +41,29 @@
  
 ## What is osxphotos?

-OSXPhotos provides the ability to interact with and query Apple's Photos.app library database on MacOS. Using this package you can query the Photos database for information about the photos stored in a Photos library on your Mac--for example, file name, file path, and metadata such as keywords/tags, persons/faces, albums, etc. You can also easily export both the original and edited photos.
+OSXPhotos provides the ability to interact with and query Apple's Photos.app library on macOS. You can query the Photos library database -- for example, file name, file path, and metadata such as keywords/tags, persons/faces, albums, etc. You can also easily export both the original and edited photos.

 ## Supported operating systems

-Only works on MacOS (aka Mac OS X). Tested on MacOS 10.12.6 / Photos 2.0, 10.13.6 / Photos 3.0, MacOS 10.14.5, 10.14.6 / Photos 4.0, MacOS 10.15.1 - 10.15.7 / Photos 5.0.
+Only works on macOS (aka Mac OS X). Tested on macOS Sierra (10.12.6) until macOS Catalina (10.15.7). 

-Beta support for MacOS 10.16/MacOS 11 Big Sur Beta / Photos 6.0.  Not tested on M1 / Apple silicon Macs.
+| macOS Version     | macOS name | Photos.app version |
+| ----------------- |------------|:-------------------|
+| 10.16             | Big Sur    | 6.0 ⚠️ Beta support, not tested on M1 / Apple silicon Macs. |
+| 10.15.1 - 10.15.7 | Catalina   | 5.0 ✅             |
+| 10.14.5, 10.14.6  | Mojave     | 4.0 ✅             |
+| 10.13.6           | High Sierra| 3.0 ✅             |
+| 10.12.6           | Sierra     | 2.0 ✅             |

-Requires python >= 3.7. 
+This package will read Photos databases for any supported version on any supported macOS version.  E.g. you can read a database created with Photos 5.0 on MacOS 10.15 on a machine running macOS 10.12 and vice versa.

-This package will read Photos databases for any supported version on any supported OS version.  E.g. you can read a database created with Photos 5.0 on MacOS 10.15 on a machine running MacOS 10.12 and vice versa.
+Requires python >= `3.7`. 


-## Installation instructions
-
-OSXPhotos uses setuptools, thus simply run:
-
-	python3 setup.py install
-
-You can also install directly from [pypi](https://pypi.org/project/osxphotos/):
-
-    pip install osxphotos
-
-I recommend you create a [virtual environment](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/venv.html) before installing osxphotos.
+## Installation 
+If you are new to python, I recommend you to install using pipx. See other advanced options below. 

+### Installation using pipx
 If you aren't familiar with installing python applications, I recommend you install `osxphotos` with [pipx](https://github.com/pipxproject/pipx). If you use `pipx`, you will not need to create a virtual environment as `pipx` takes care of this. The easiest way to do this on a Mac is to use [homebrew](https://brew.sh/):

 - Open `Terminal` (search for `Terminal` in Spotlight or look in `Applications/Utilities`)
@@ -73,13 +72,26 @@ If you aren't familiar with installing python applications, I recommend you inst
 - Then type this: `pipx install osxphotos`
 - Now you should be able to run `osxphotos` by typing: `osxphotos`

-**WARNING** The git repo for this project is very large (> 1GB) because it contains multiple Photos libraries used for testing on different versions of MacOS.  If you just want to use the osxphotos package in your own code, I recommend you install the latest version from [PyPI](https://pypi.org/project/osxphotos/) which does not include all the test libraries. If you just want to use the command line utility, you can download a pre-built executable of the latest [release](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/releases) or you can install via `pip` which also installs the command line app.  If you aren't comfortable with running python on your Mac, start with the pre-built executable or `pipx` as described above.
+### Installation using pip
+You can also install directly from [pypi](https://pypi.org/project/osxphotos/):
+
+    pip install osxphotos
+
+### Installation from git repository
+OSXPhotos uses setuptools, thus simply run:
+
+	git clone https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos.git
+	cd osxphotos
+	python3 setup.py install
+
+I recommend you create a [virtual environment](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/venv.html) before installing osxphotos.
+
+**WARNING** The git repo for this project is very large (> 1GB) because it contains multiple Photos libraries used for testing on different versions of macOS.  If you just want to use the osxphotos package in your own code, I recommend you install the latest version from [PyPI](https://pypi.org/project/osxphotos/) which does not include all the test libraries. If you just want to use the command line utility, you can download a pre-built executable of the latest [release](https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/releases) or you can install via `pip` which also installs the command line app.  If you aren't comfortable with running python on your Mac, start with the pre-built executable or `pipx` as described above.

 ## Command Line Usage

 This package will install a command line utility called `osxphotos` that allows you to query the Photos database.  Alternatively, you can also run the command line utility like this: `python3 -m osxphotos`

-After installing per instructions above, you should be able to run `osxphotos` on the command line:

 ```
 > osxphotos
@@ -114,7 +126,37 @@ Commands:

 To get help on a specific command, use `osxphotos help <command_name>`

-Example: `osxphotos help export`
+### Command line examples
+
+#### export all photos to ~/Desktop/export group in folders by date created
+
+`osxphotos export --export-by-date ~/Pictures/Photos\ Library.photoslibrary ~/Desktop/export`
+
+**Note**: Photos library/database path can also be specified using `--db` option:
+
+`osxphotos export --export-by-date --db ~/Pictures/Photos\ Library.photoslibrary ~/Desktop/export`
+
+#### find all photos with keyword "Kids" and output results to json file named results.json:
+
+`osxphotos query --keyword Kids --json ~/Pictures/Photos\ Library.photoslibrary >results.json`
+
+#### export photos to file structure based on 4-digit year and full name of month of photo's creation date:
+
+`osxphotos export ~/Desktop/export --directory "{created.year}/{created.month}"`
+
+(by default, it will attempt to use the system library)
+
+#### export photos to file structure based on 4-digit year of photo's creation date and add keywords for media type and labels (labels are only awailable on Photos 5 and higher):
+
+`osxphotos export ~/Desktop/export --directory "{created.year}" --keyword-template "{label}" --keyword-template "{media_type}"` 
+
+#### export default library using 'country name/year' as output directory (but use "NoCountry/year" if country not specified), add persons, album names, and year as keywords, write exif metadata to files when exporting, update only changed files, print verbose ouput
+
+`osxphotos export ~/Desktop/export --directory "{place.name.country,NoCountry}/{created.year}"  --person-keyword --album-keyword --keyword-template "{created.year}" --exiftool --update --verbose`
+
+### Command line reference: export
+
+`osxphotos help export`

 ```
 Usage: osxphotos export [OPTIONS] [PHOTOS_LIBRARY]... DEST
@@ -301,23 +343,45 @@ Options:
                                  the primary photo will be exported--
                                  associated burst images will be skipped.
  --sidecar FORMAT                Create sidecar for each photo exported;
-                                  valid FORMAT values: xmp, json; --sidecar
-                                  json: create JSON sidecar useable by
-                                  exiftool (https://exiftool.org/) The sidecar
-                                  file can be used to apply metadata to the
-                                  file with exiftool, for example: "exiftool
+                                  valid FORMAT values: xmp, json, exiftool;
+                                  --sidecar xmp: create XMP sidecar used by
+                                  Adobe Lightroom, etc. The sidecar file is
+                                  named in format photoname.ext.xmp The XMP
+                                  sidecar exports the following tags:
+                                  Description, Title, Keywords/Tags, Subject
+                                  (set to Keywords + PersonInImage),
+                                  PersonInImage, CreateDate, ModifyDate,
+                                  GPSLongitude. 
+                                  --sidecar json: create JSON
+                                  sidecar useable by exiftool
+                                  (https://exiftool.org/) The sidecar file can
+                                  be used to apply metadata to the file with
+                                  exiftool, for example: "exiftool
                                  -j=photoname.jpg.json photoname.jpg" The
                                  sidecar file is named in format
-                                  photoname.ext.json  --sidecar xmp: create
-                                  XMP sidecar used by Adobe Lightroom, etc.The
-                                  sidecar file is named in format
-                                  photoname.ext.xmpThe XMP sidecar exports the
-                                  following tags: Description, Title,
-                                  Keywords/Tags, Subject (set to Keywords +
-                                  PersonInImage), PersonInImage, CreateDate,
-                                  ModifyDate, GPSLongitude. For a list of tags
-                                  exported in the JSON sidecar, see
-                                  --exiftool.
+                                  photoname.ext.json; format includes tag
+                                  groups (equivalent to running 'exiftool -G
+                                  -j'). 
+                                  --sidecar exiftool: create JSON
+                                  sidecar compatible with output of 'exiftool
+                                  -j'. Unlike '--sidecar json', '--sidecar
+                                  exiftool' does not export tag groups.
+                                  Sidecar filename is in format
+                                  photoname.ext.json; For a list of tags
+                                  exported in the JSON and exiftool sidecar,
+                                  see '--exiftool'.
+  --sidecar-drop-ext              Drop the photo's extension when naming
+                                  sidecar files. By default, sidecar files are
+                                  named in format
+                                  'photo_filename.photo_ext.sidecar_ext', e.g.
+                                  'IMG_1234.JPG.json'. Use '--sidecar-drop-
+                                  ext' to ignore the photo extension.
+                                  Resulting sidecar files will have name in
+                                  format 'IMG_1234.json'. Warning: this may
+                                  result in sidecar filename collisions if
+                                  there are files of different types but the
+                                  same name in the output directory, e.g.
+                                  'IMG_1234.JPG' and 'IMG_1234.MOV'.
  --exiftool                      Use exiftool to write metadata directly to
                                  exported photos. To use this option,
                                  exiftool must be installed and in the path.
@@ -327,14 +391,12 @@ Options:
                                  metadata: EXIF:ImageDescription,
                                  XMP:Description (see also --description-
                                  template); XMP:Title; XMP:TagsList,
-                                  IPTC:Keywords (see also --keyword-template,
-                                  --person-keyword, --album-keyword);
-                                  XMP:Subject (set to keywords + person in
-                                  image to mirror Photos' behavior);
-                                  XMP:PersonInImage; EXIF:GPSLatitudeRef;
-                                  EXIF:GPSLongitudeRef; EXIF:GPSLatitude;
-                                  EXIF:GPSLongitude; EXIF:GPSPosition;
-                                  EXIF:DateTimeOriginal;
+                                  IPTC:Keywords, XMP:Subject (see also
+                                  --keyword-template, --person-keyword,
+                                  --album-keyword); XMP:PersonInImage;
+                                  EXIF:GPSLatitudeRef; EXIF:GPSLongitudeRef;
+                                  EXIF:GPSLatitude; EXIF:GPSLongitude;
+                                  EXIF:GPSPosition; EXIF:DateTimeOriginal;
                                  EXIF:OffsetTimeOriginal; EXIF:ModifyDate
                                  (see --ignore-date-modified);
                                  IPTC:DateCreated; IPTC:TimeCreated; (video
@@ -343,6 +405,8 @@ Options:
                                  (see also --ignore-date-modified);
                                  QuickTime:GPSCoordinates;
                                  UserData:GPSCoordinates.
+  --exiftool-path EXIFTOOL_PATH   Optionally specify path to exiftool; if not
+                                  provided, will look for exiftool in $PATH.
  --exiftool-option OPTION        Optional flag/option to pass to exiftool
                                  when using --exiftool. For example,
                                  --exiftool-option '-m' to ignore minor
@@ -353,6 +417,12 @@ Options:
                                  may be specified by repeating the option,
                                  e.g. --exiftool-option '-m' --exiftool-
                                  option '-F'.
+  --exiftool-merge-keywords       Merge any keywords found in the original
+                                  file with keywords used for '--exiftool' and
+                                  '--sidecar'.
+  --exiftool-merge-persons        Merge any persons found in the original file
+                                  with persons used for '--exiftool' and '--
+                                  sidecar'.
  --ignore-date-modified          If used with --exiftool or --sidecar, will
                                  ignore the photo modification date and set
                                  EXIF:ModifyDate to EXIF:DateTimeOriginal;
@@ -384,6 +454,30 @@ Options:
                                  could specify --description-template
                                  "{descr} exported with osxphotos on
                                  {today.date}" See Templating System below.
+  --finder-tag-template TEMPLATE  Set MacOS Finder tags to TEMPLATE. These
+                                  tags can be searched in the Finder or
+                                  Spotlight with 'tag:tagname' format. For
+                                  example, '--finder-tag-template "{label}"'
+                                  to set Finder tags to photo labels. You may
+                                  specify multiple TEMPLATE values by using '
+                                  --finder-tag-template' multiple times. See
+                                  also '--finder-tag-keywords and Extended
+                                  Attributes below.'.
+  --finder-tag-keywords           Set MacOS Finder tags to keywords; any
+                                  keywords specified via '--keyword-template',
+                                  '--person-keyword', etc. will also be used
+                                  as Finder tags. See also '--finder-tag-
+                                  template and Extended Attributes below.'.
+  --xattr-template ATTRIBUTE TEMPLATE
+                                  Set extended attribute ATTRIBUTE to TEMPLATE
+                                  value. Valid attributes are: 'authors',
+                                  'comment', 'copyright', 'description',
+                                  'findercomment', 'headline', 'keywords'. For
+                                  example, to set Finder comment to the
+                                  photo's title and description: '--xattr-
+                                  template findercomment "{title}; {descr}"
+                                  See Extended Attributes below for additional
+                                  details on this option.
  --directory DIRECTORY           Optional template for specifying name of
                                  output directory in the form
                                  '{name,DEFAULT}'. See below for additional
@@ -394,6 +488,13 @@ Options:
                                  do not include an extension in the FILENAME
                                  template. See below for additional details
                                  on templating system.
+  --strip                         Optionally strip leading and trailing
+                                  whitespace from any rendered templates. For
+                                  example, if --filename template is "{title,}
+                                  {original_name}" and image has no title,
+                                  resulting file would have a leading space
+                                  but if used with --strip, this will be
+                                  removed.
  --edited-suffix SUFFIX          Optional suffix template for naming edited
                                  photos.  Default name for edited photos is
                                  in form 'photoname_edited.ext'. For example,
@@ -486,53 +587,74 @@ option to re-export the entire library thus rebuilding the
 '.osxphotos_export.db' database.


+** Extended Attributes **
+
+Some options (currently '--finder-tag-template', '--finder-tag-keywords',
+'-xattr-template') write additional metadata to extended attributes in the
+file. These options will only work if the destination filesystem supports
+extended attributes (most do). For example, --finder-tag-keyword writes all
+keywords (including any specified by '--keyword-template' or other options) to
+Finder tags that are searchable in Spotlight using the syntax: 'tag:tagname'.
+For example, if you have images with keyword "Travel" then using '--finder-
+tag-keywords' you could quickly find those images in the Finder by typing
+'tag:Travel' in the Spotlight search bar. Finder tags are written to the
+'com.apple.metadata:_kMDItemUserTags' extended attribute. Unlike EXIF
+metadata, extended attributes do not modify the actual file. Most cloud
+storage services do not synch extended attributes. Dropbox does sync them and
+any changes to a file's extended attributes will cause Dropbox to re-sync the
+files.
+
+The following attributes may be used with '--xattr-template':
+
+
+authors        The author, or authors, of the contents of the file.  A list
+               of strings. (com.apple.metadata:kMDItemAuthors)
+comment        A comment related to the file.  This differs from the Finder
+               comment, kMDItemFinderComment.  A string.
+               (com.apple.metadata:kMDItemComment)
+copyright      The copyright owner of the file contents.  A string.
+               (com.apple.metadata:kMDItemCopyright)
+description    A description of the content of the resource.  The
+               description may include an abstract, table of contents,
+               reference to a graphical representation of content or a free-
+               text account of the content.  A string.
+               (com.apple.metadata:kMDItemDescription)
+findercomment  Finder comments for this file.  A string.
+               (com.apple.metadata:kMDItemFinderComment)
+headline       A publishable entry providing a synopsis of the contents of
+               the file.  A string. (com.apple.metadata:kMDItemHeadline)
+keywords       Keywords associated with this file. For example, “Birthday”,
+               “Important”, etc. This differs from Finder tags
+               (_kMDItemUserTags) which are keywords/tags shown in the
+               Finder and searchable in Spotlight using "tag:tag_name".  A
+               list of strings. (com.apple.metadata:kMDItemKeywords)
+
+For additional information on extended attributes see: https://developer.apple
+.com/documentation/coreservices/file_metadata/mditem/common_metadata_attribute
+_keys
+
+
 ** Templating System **

 Several options, such as --directory, allow you to specify a template  which
-will be rendered to substitute template fields with values from the photo.
-For example, '{created.month}' would be replaced with the month name of the
-photo creation date.  e.g. 'November'.
+will be rendered to substitute template fields with values from the photo. For
+example, '{created.month}' would be replaced with the month name of the photo
+creation date.  e.g. 'November'.

 Some options supporting templates may be repeated e.g., --keyword-template
 '{label}'  --keyword-template '{media_type}' to add both labels and media
 types to the  keywords.

-The general format for a template is '{TEMPLATE_FIELD[,[DEFAULT]]}'.  Some
-templates have optional modifiers in form
-'{[[DELIM]+]TEMPLATE_FIELD[(PATH_SEP)][?VALUE_IF_TRUE][,[DEFAULT]]}'
+The general format for a template is '{TEMPLATE_FIELD,DEFAULT}'. The full
+template format is:
+'{DELIM+TEMPLATE_FIELD(PATH_SEP)[OLD,NEW]?VALUE_IF_TRUE,DEFAULT}'

-The ',' and DEFAULT value are optional.  If TEMPLATE_FIELD results in a null
-(empty) value, the default is '_'.   You may specify an alternate default
-value by appending ',DEFAULT' after template_field.  e.g. '{title,no_title}'
-would result in 'no_title' if the photo had no title.  You may include other
-text in the template string outside the {} and use more than  one template
-field, e.g. '{created.year} - {created.month}' (e.g. '2020 - November').
+With a few exceptions (like '{created.strftime}') everything but the
+TEMPLATE_FIELD is optional.

-Some template fields such as 'hdr' are boolean and resolve to True or False.
-These take the form: '{TEMPLATE_FIELD?VALUE_IF_TRUE,VALUE_IF_FALSE}', e.g.
-{hdr?is_hdr,not_hdr} which would result in 'is_hdr' if photo is an HDR  image
-and 'not_hdr' otherwise.
-
-Some template fields such as 'folder_template' are "path-like" in that they
-join  multiple elements into a single path-like string.  For example, if photo
-is in  album Album1 in folder Folder1, '{folder_album}` results in
-'Folder1/Album1'.  This is so these template fields may be used as paths in
--directory.  If you intend to use such a field as a string, e.g. in the
-filename, you may specify  a different path separator using the form:
-'{TEMPLATE_FIELD(PATH_SEP)}'.  For example, using the example above,
-'{folder_album(-)}' would result in  'Folder1-Album1' and '{folder_album()}'
-would result in  'Folder1Album1'.
-
-Some templates may resolve to more than one value.  For example, a photo can
-have  multiple keywords so '{keyword}' can result in multiple values.  If used
-in a filename  or directory, these templates may result in more than one copy
-of the photo being exported.  For example, if photo has keywords "foo" and
-"bar", --directory '{keyword}' will result in  copies of the photo being
-exported to 'foo/image_name.jpeg' and 'bar/image_name.jpeg'.
-
-Multi-value template fields such as '{keyword}' may be expanded 'in place'
-with an optional delimiter using the template form '{DELIM+TEMPLATE_FIELD}'.
-For example, a photo with  keywords 'foo' and 'bar':
+- 'DELIM+' Multi-value template fields such as '{keyword}' may be expanded 'in
+place' with an optional delimiter using the template form
+'{DELIM+TEMPLATE_FIELD}'. For example, a photo with  keywords 'foo' and 'bar':

 '{keyword}' renders to 'foo' and 'bar'

@@ -542,6 +664,62 @@ For example, a photo with  keywords 'foo' and 'bar':

 '{+keyword}' renders to 'foobar'

+- 'TEMPLATE_FIELD' The name of the template field, for example 'keyword'
+
+- '(PATH_SEP)' Some template fields such as '{folder_album}' are "path-like"
+in  that they join multiple elements into a single path-like string. For
+example,  if photo is in album Album1 in folder Folder1, '{folder_album}'
+results in 'Folder1/Album1'. This is so these template fields may be used as
+paths in --directory. If you intend to use such a field as a string, e.g. in
+the filename, you may specify a different path separator using the form:
+'{TEMPLATE_FIELD(PATH_SEP)}'. For example, using the example above,
+'{folder_album(-)}' would result in 'Folder1-Album1' and '{folder_album()}'
+would result in  'Folder1Album1'.
+
+- '[OLD,NEW]' Use the [OLD,NEW] option to replace text "OLD" in the template
+value with text "NEW". For example, if you have album names with '/' in the
+album name you could replace '/' with "-" using the template '{album[/,-]}'.
+This would replace any occurence of "/" in the album name with "-"; album
+"Vacation/2019" would thus become "Vacation-2019".  You may specify more than
+one pair of OLD,NEW values by listing them delimited by '|'. For example:
+'{album[/,-|:,-]}' to replace both '/' and ':' by '-'. You can also use the
+[OLD,NEW] syntax to delete a character by omitting the NEW value as in
+'{album[/,]}'.
+
+- '?' Some template fields such as 'hdr' are boolean and resolve to True or
+False. These take the form: '{TEMPLATE_FIELD?VALUE_IF_TRUE,VALUE_IF_FALSE}',
+e.g. {hdr?is_hdr,not_hdr} which would result in 'is_hdr' if photo is an HDR
+image and 'not_hdr' otherwise.
+
+- ',DEFAULT' The ',' and DEFAULT value are optional.  If TEMPLATE_FIELD
+results in a null (empty) value, the template will result in default value of
+'_'. You may specify an alternate default value by appending ',DEFAULT' after
+template_field. Example: '{title,no_title}' would result in 'no_title' if the
+photo had no title. Example: '{created.year}/{place.address,NO_ADDRESS}' but
+there was  no address associated with the photo, the resulting output would
+be: '2020/NO_ADDRESS/photoname.jpg'. If specified, the default value may not
+contain a brace symbol ('{' or '}').
+
+Again, if you do not specify a default value and the template substitution has
+no value, '_' (underscore) will be used as the default value. For example, in
+the above example, this would result in '2020/_/photoname.jpg' if address was
+null.
+
+You may specify a null default (e.g. "" or empty string) by omitting the value
+after the comma, e.g. {title,} which would render to "" if title had no value
+thus effectively deleting the template from the resulting string.
+
+You may include other text in the template string outside the {} and use more
+than one template field in a single string,  e.g. '{created.year} -
+{created.month}' (e.g. '2020 - November').
+
+Some templates may resolve to more than one value.  For example, a photo can
+have multiple keywords so '{keyword}' can result in multiple values.  If used
+in a filename  or directory, these templates may result in more than one copy
+of the photo being exported.  For example, if photo has keywords "foo" and
+"bar", --directory '{keyword}' will result in  copies of the photo being
+exported to 'foo/image_name.jpeg' and 'bar/image_name.jpeg'.
+
 Some template fields such as '{media_type}' use the 'DEFAULT' value to allow
 customization  of the output. For example, '{media_type}' resolves to the
 special media type of the  photo such as 'panorama' or 'selfie'.  You may use
@@ -551,6 +729,28 @@ photo is a time_lapse photo, 'media_type' would resolve to  'vidéo_accélérée
 instead of 'time_lapse' and video would resolve to 'vidéo' if photo is an
 ordinary video.

+With the --directory and --filename options you may specify a template for the
+export directory or filename, respectively. The directory will be appended to
+the export path specified in the export DEST argument to export. For example,
+if template is '{created.year}/{created.month}', and export destination DEST
+is '/Users/maria/Pictures/export', the actual export directory for a photo
+would be '/Users/maria/Pictures/export/2020/March' if the photo was created in
+March 2020.
+
+The templating system may also be used with the --keyword-template option to
+set keywords on export (with --exiftool or --sidecar), for example, to set a
+new keyword in format 'folder/subfolder/album' to preserve the folder/album
+structure, you can use --keyword-template "{folder_album}"
+
+In the template, valid template substitutions will be replaced by the
+corresponding value from the table below.  Invalid substitutions will result
+in an error.
+
+If you want the actual text of the template substition to appear in the
+rendered name, use double braces, e.g. '{{' or '}}', thus using
+'{created.year}/{{name}}' for --directory would result in output of
+2020/{name}/photoname.jpg
+
 With the --directory and --filename options you may specify a template for the
 export directory or filename, respectively. The directory will be appended to
 the export path specified in the export DEST argument to export.  For example,
@@ -641,27 +841,39 @@ Substitution                    Description
                                https://strftime.org/ for help on strftime
                                templates.
 {modified.date}                 Photo's modification date in ISO format,
-                                e.g. '2020-03-22'
-{modified.year}                 4-digit year of photo modification time
-{modified.yy}                   2-digit year of photo modification time
+                                e.g. '2020-03-22'; uses creation date if
+                                photo is not modified
+{modified.year}                 4-digit year of photo modification time;
+                                uses creation date if photo is not modified
+{modified.yy}                   2-digit year of photo modification time;
+                                uses creation date if photo is not modified
 {modified.mm}                   2-digit month of the photo modification time
-                                (zero padded)
+                                (zero padded); uses creation date if photo
+                                is not modified
 {modified.month}                Month name in user's locale of the photo
-                                modification time
+                                modification time; uses creation date if
+                                photo is not modified
 {modified.mon}                  Month abbreviation in the user's locale of
-                                the photo modification time
+                                the photo modification time; uses creation
+                                date if photo is not modified
 {modified.dd}                   2-digit day of the month (zero padded) of
-                                the photo modification time
+                                the photo modification time; uses creation
+                                date if photo is not modified
 {modified.dow}                  Day of week in user's locale of the photo
-                                modification time
+                                modification time; uses creation date if
+                                photo is not modified
 {modified.doy}                  3-digit day of year (e.g Julian day) of
                                photo modification time, starting from 1
-                                (zero padded)
-{modified.hour}                 2-digit hour of the photo modification time
+                                (zero padded); uses creation date if photo
+                                is not modified
+{modified.hour}                 2-digit hour of the photo modification time;
+                                uses creation date if photo is not modified
 {modified.min}                  2-digit minute of the photo modification
-                                time
+                                time; uses creation date if photo is not
+                                modified
 {modified.sec}                  2-digit second of the photo modification
-                                time
+                                time; uses creation date if photo is not
+                                modified
 {today.date}                    Current date in iso format, e.g.
                                '2020-03-22'
 {today.year}                    4-digit year of current date
@@ -718,6 +930,23 @@ Substitution                    Description
                                'United States'
 {place.address.country_code}    ISO country code of the postal address, e.g.
                                'US'
+{searchinfo.season}             Season of the year associated with a photo,
+                                e.g. 'Summer'; (Photos 5+ only, applied
+                                automatically by Photos' image
+                                categorization algorithms).
+{exif.camera_make}              Camera make from original photo's EXIF
+                                inormation as imported by Photos, e.g.
+                                'Apple'
+{exif.camera_model}             Camera model from original photo's EXIF
+                                inormation as imported by Photos, e.g.
+                                'iPhone 6s'
+{exif.lens_model}               Lens model from original photo's EXIF
+                                inormation as imported by Photos, e.g.
+                                'iPhone 6s back camera 4.15mm f/2.2'
+{uuid}                          Photo's internal universally unique
+                                identifier (UUID) for the photo, a
+                                36-character string unique to the photo,
+                                e.g. '128FB4C6-0B16-4E7D-9108-FB2E90DA1546'

 The following substitutions may result in multiple values. Thus if specified
 for --directory these could result in multiple copies of a photo being being
@@ -734,10 +963,10 @@ Substitution              Description
 {keyword}                 Keyword(s) assigned to photo
 {person}                  Person(s) / face(s) in a photo
 {label}                   Image categorization label associated with a photo
-                          (Photos 5 only)
-{label_normalized}        All lower case version of 'label' (Photos 5 only)
+                          (Photos 5+ only)
+{label_normalized}        All lower case version of 'label' (Photos 5+ only)
 {comment}                 Comment(s) on shared Photos; format is 'Person
-                          name: comment text' (Photos 5 only)
+                          name: comment text' (Photos 5+ only)
 {exiftool:GROUP:TAGNAME}  Use exiftool (https://exiftool.org) to extract
                          metadata, in form GROUP:TAGNAME, from image.  E.g.
                          '{exiftool:EXIF:Make}' to get camera make, or
@@ -746,31 +975,23 @@ Substitution              Description
                          tag names.  You must specify group (e.g. EXIF,
                          IPTC, etc) as used in `exiftool -G`. exiftool must
                          be installed in the path to use this template.
+{searchinfo.holiday}      Holiday names associated with a photo, e.g.
+                          'Christmas Day'; (Photos 5+ only, applied
+                          automatically by Photos' image categorization
+                          algorithms).
+{searchinfo.activity}     Activities associated with a photo, e.g. 'Sporting
+                          Event'; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically by
+                          Photos' image categorization algorithms).
+{searchinfo.venue}        Venues associated with a photo, e.g. name of
+                          restaurant; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically
+                          by Photos' image categorization algorithms).
+{searchinfo.venue_type}   Venue types associated with a photo, e.g.
+                          'Restaurant'; (Photos 5+ only, applied
+                          automatically by Photos' image categorization
+                          algorithms).
 ```

-Example: export all photos to ~/Desktop/export group in folders by date created

-`osxphotos export --export-by-date ~/Pictures/Photos\ Library.photoslibrary ~/Desktop/export`
-
-**Note**: Photos library/database path can also be specified using --db option:
-
-`osxphotos export --export-by-date --db ~/Pictures/Photos\ Library.photoslibrary ~/Desktop/export`
-
-Example: find all photos with keyword "Kids" and output results to json file named results.json:
-
-`osxphotos query --keyword Kids --json ~/Pictures/Photos\ Library.photoslibrary >results.json`
-
-Example: export photos to file structure based on 4-digit year and full name of month of photo's creation date:
-
-`osxphotos export ~/Desktop/export --directory "{created.year}/{created.month}"`
-
-Example: export photos to file structure based on 4-digit year of photo's creation date and add keywords for media type and labels (labels are only awailable on Photos 5 and higher):
-
-`osxphotos export ~/Desktop/export --directory "{created.year}" --keyword-template "{label}" --keyword-template "{media_type}"` 
-
-Example: export default library using 'country name/year' as output directory (but use "NoCountry/year" if country not specified), add persons, album names, and year as keywords, write exif metadata to files when exporting, update only changed files, print verbose ouput
-
-`osxphotos export ~/Desktop/export --directory "{place.name.country,NoCountry}/{created.year}"  --person-keyword --album-keyword --keyword-template "{created.year}" --exiftool --update --verbose`


 ## Example uses of the package 
@@ -1517,7 +1738,7 @@ exiftool must be installed in the path for this to work.  If exiftool cannot be

 `ExifTool` provides the following methods:

- `asdict()`: returns all EXIF metadata found in the file as a dictionary in following form (Note: this shows just a subset of available metadata).  See [exiftool](https://exiftool.org/) documentation to understand which metadata keys are available.
+- `asdict(tag_groups=True)`: returns all EXIF metadata found in the file as a dictionary in following form (Note: this shows just a subset of available metadata).  See [exiftool](https://exiftool.org/) documentation to understand which metadata keys are available. If `tag_groups` is True (default) dict keys are in form "GROUP:TAG", e.g. "IPTC:Keywords". If `tag_groups` is False, dict keys do not have group names, e.g. "Keywords".

 ```python
 {'Composite:Aperture': 2.2,
@@ -1556,7 +1777,7 @@ Returns a JSON representation of all photo info.
 Returns a dictionary representation of all photo info.

 #### `export()`
-`export(dest, *filename, edited=False, live_photo=False, export_as_hardlink=False, overwrite=False, increment=True, sidecar_json=False, sidecar_xmp=False, use_photos_export=False, timeout=120, exiftool=False, use_albums_as_keywords=False, use_persons_as_keywords=False)`
+`export(dest, *filename, edited=False, live_photo=False, export_as_hardlink=False, overwrite=False, increment=True, sidecar_json=False, sidecar_exiftool=False, sidecar_xmp=False, use_photos_export=False, timeout=120, exiftool=False, use_albums_as_keywords=False, use_persons_as_keywords=False)`

 Export photo from the Photos library to another destination on disk.  
 - dest: must be valid destination path as str (or exception raised).
@@ -1567,6 +1788,8 @@ Export photo from the Photos library to another destination on disk.
 - live_photo: boolean; if True (default=False), will also export the associted .mov for live photos; exported live photo will be named filename.mov
 - increment: boolean; if True (default=True), will increment file name until a non-existent name is found
 - sidecar_json: (boolean, default = False); if True will also write a json sidecar with metadata in format readable by exiftool; sidecar filename will be dest/filename.json where filename is the stem of the photo name
+- sidecar_json: (boolean, default = False); if True will also write a json sidecar with metadata in format readable by exiftool; sidecar filename will be dest/filename.json where filename is the stem of the photo name; resulting json file will include tag group names (e.g. `exiftool -G -j`)
+- sidecar_exiftool: (boolean, default = False); if True will also write a json sidecar with metadata in format readable by exiftool; sidecar filename will be dest/filename.json where filename is the stem of the photo name; resulting json file will not include tag group names (e.g. `exiftool -j`)
 - sidecar_xmp: (boolean, default = False); if True will also write a XMP sidecar with metadata; sidecar filename will be dest/filename.xmp where filename is the stem of the photo name
 - use_photos_export: boolean; (default=False), if True will attempt to export photo via applescript interaction with Photos; useful for forcing download of missing photos.  This only works if the Photos library being used is the default library (last opened by Photos) as applescript will directly interact with whichever library Photos is currently using.
 - timeout: (int, default=120) timeout in seconds used with use_photos_export
@@ -1595,7 +1818,7 @@ If overwrite=False and increment=False, export will fail if destination file alr

 #### <a name="rendertemplate">`render_template()`</a>

-`render_template(template_str, none_str = "_", path_sep = None, expand_inplace = False, inplace_sep = None, filename=False, dirname=False, replacement=":",)`
+`render_template(template_str, none_str = "_", path_sep = None, expand_inplace = False, inplace_sep = None, filename=False, dirname=False, strip=False)`

 Render template string for photo.  none_str is used if template substitution results in None value and no default specified.

@@ -1606,7 +1829,7 @@ Render template string for photo.  none_str is used if template substitution res
 - `inplace_sep`: optional string to use as separator between multi-valued keywords with expand_inplace; default is ','
 - `filename`: if True, template output will be sanitized to produce valid file name
 - `dirname`: if True, template output will be sanitized to produce valid directory name
- `replacement`: str, value to replace any illegal file path characters with; default = ":"
+- `strip`: if True, leading/trailign whitespace will be stripped from rendered template strings

 Returns a tuple of (rendered, unmatched) where rendered is a list of rendered strings with all substitutions made and unmatched is a list of any strings that resembled a template substitution but did not match a known substitution. E.g. if template contained "{foo}", unmatched would be ["foo"].

@@ -1620,7 +1843,7 @@ Some substitutions, notably `album`, `keyword`, and `person` could return multip

 The template field format contains optional modifiers:

-`"{[[DELIM]+]name[(PATH_SEP)][?TRUE_VALUE][,[DEFAULT]]}"`
+`"{DELIM+name(PATH_SEP)[OLD,NEW]?TRUE_VALUE,DEFAULT}"`

 `DELIM`: optional delimiter string to use when expanding multi-valued template values in-place

@@ -1641,6 +1864,8 @@ e.g. If Photo is in `Album1` in `Folder1`:
 - `"{folder_album(:)}"` renders to `["Folder1:Album1"]`
 - `"{folder_album()}"` renders to `["Folder1Album1"]`

+`[OLD,NEW]`: optional text replacement to perform on rendered template value.  For example, to replace "/" in an album name, you could use the template `"{album[/,-]}"`.
+
 `?TRUE_VALUE`: optional value to use if name is boolean-type field which evaluates to true.  For example `"{hdr}"` evaluates to True if photo is an high dynamic range (HDR) image and False otherwise. In these types of fields, use `?TRUE_VALUE` to provide the value if True and `,DEFAULT` to provide the value of False.  

 e.g. if photo is an HDR image,
@@ -2178,18 +2403,18 @@ The following template field substitutions are availabe for use with `PhotoInfo.
 |{created.min}|2-digit minute of the photo creation time|
 |{created.sec}|2-digit second of the photo creation time|
 |{created.strftime}|Apply strftime template to file creation date/time. Should be used in form {created.strftime,TEMPLATE} where TEMPLATE is a valid strftime template, e.g. {created.strftime,%Y-%U} would result in year-week number of year: '2020-23'. If used with no template will return null value. See https://strftime.org/ for help on strftime templates.|
-|{modified.date}|Photo's modification date in ISO format, e.g. '2020-03-22'|
-|{modified.year}|4-digit year of photo modification time|
-|{modified.yy}|2-digit year of photo modification time|
-|{modified.mm}|2-digit month of the photo modification time (zero padded)|
-|{modified.month}|Month name in user's locale of the photo modification time|
-|{modified.mon}|Month abbreviation in the user's locale of the photo modification time|
-|{modified.dd}|2-digit day of the month (zero padded) of the photo modification time|
-|{modified.dow}|Day of week in user's locale of the photo modification time|
-|{modified.doy}|3-digit day of year (e.g Julian day) of photo modification time, starting from 1 (zero padded)|
-|{modified.hour}|2-digit hour of the photo modification time|
-|{modified.min}|2-digit minute of the photo modification time|
-|{modified.sec}|2-digit second of the photo modification time|
+|{modified.date}|Photo's modification date in ISO format, e.g. '2020-03-22'; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
+|{modified.year}|4-digit year of photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
+|{modified.yy}|2-digit year of photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
+|{modified.mm}|2-digit month of the photo modification time (zero padded); uses creation date if photo is not modified|
+|{modified.month}|Month name in user's locale of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
+|{modified.mon}|Month abbreviation in the user's locale of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
+|{modified.dd}|2-digit day of the month (zero padded) of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
+|{modified.dow}|Day of week in user's locale of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
+|{modified.doy}|3-digit day of year (e.g Julian day) of photo modification time, starting from 1 (zero padded); uses creation date if photo is not modified|
+|{modified.hour}|2-digit hour of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
+|{modified.min}|2-digit minute of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
+|{modified.sec}|2-digit second of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified|
 |{today.date}|Current date in iso format, e.g. '2020-03-22'|
 |{today.year}|4-digit year of current date|
 |{today.yy}|2-digit year of current date|
@@ -2216,14 +2441,23 @@ The following template field substitutions are availabe for use with `PhotoInfo.
 |{place.address.postal_code}|Postal code part of the postal address, e.g. '20009'|
 |{place.address.country}|Country name of the postal address, e.g. 'United States'|
 |{place.address.country_code}|ISO country code of the postal address, e.g. 'US'|
+|{searchinfo.season}|Season of the year associated with a photo, e.g. 'Summer'; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically by Photos' image categorization algorithms).|
+|{exif.camera_make}|Camera make from original photo's EXIF inormation as imported by Photos, e.g. 'Apple'|
+|{exif.camera_model}|Camera model from original photo's EXIF inormation as imported by Photos, e.g. 'iPhone 6s'|
+|{exif.lens_model}|Lens model from original photo's EXIF inormation as imported by Photos, e.g. 'iPhone 6s back camera 4.15mm f/2.2'|
+|{uuid}|Photo's internal universally unique identifier (UUID) for the photo, a 36-character string unique to the photo, e.g. '128FB4C6-0B16-4E7D-9108-FB2E90DA1546'|
 |{album}|Album(s) photo is contained in|
 |{folder_album}|Folder path + album photo is contained in. e.g. 'Folder/Subfolder/Album' or just 'Album' if no enclosing folder|
 |{keyword}|Keyword(s) assigned to photo|
 |{person}|Person(s) / face(s) in a photo|
-|{label}|Image categorization label associated with a photo (Photos 5 only)|
-|{label_normalized}|All lower case version of 'label' (Photos 5 only)|
-|{comment}|Comment(s) on shared Photos; format is 'Person name: comment text' (Photos 5 only)|
+|{label}|Image categorization label associated with a photo (Photos 5+ only)|
+|{label_normalized}|All lower case version of 'label' (Photos 5+ only)|
+|{comment}|Comment(s) on shared Photos; format is 'Person name: comment text' (Photos 5+ only)|
 |{exiftool:GROUP:TAGNAME}|Use exiftool (https://exiftool.org) to extract metadata, in form GROUP:TAGNAME, from image.  E.g. '{exiftool:EXIF:Make}' to get camera make, or {exiftool:IPTC:Keywords} to extract keywords. See https://exiftool.org/TagNames/ for list of valid tag names.  You must specify group (e.g. EXIF, IPTC, etc) as used in `exiftool -G`. exiftool must be installed in the path to use this template.|
+|{searchinfo.holiday}|Holiday names associated with a photo, e.g. 'Christmas Day'; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically by Photos' image categorization algorithms).|
+|{searchinfo.activity}|Activities associated with a photo, e.g. 'Sporting Event'; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically by Photos' image categorization algorithms).|
+|{searchinfo.venue}|Venues associated with a photo, e.g. name of restaurant; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically by Photos' image categorization algorithms).|
+|{searchinfo.venue_type}|Venue types associated with a photo, e.g. 'Restaurant'; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically by Photos' image categorization algorithms).|

 ### Utility Functions

@@ -2347,6 +2581,7 @@ Thanks goes to these wonderful people ([emoji key](https://allcontributors.org/d
    <td align="center"><a href="https://github.com/hhoeck"><img src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/6313998?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt=""/><br /><sub><b>Horst Höck</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commits?author=hhoeck" title="Code">💻</a></td>
    <td align="center"><a href="https://github.com/jstrine"><img src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/33943447?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt=""/><br /><sub><b>Jonathan Strine</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commits?author=jstrine" title="Code">💻</a></td>
    <td align="center"><a href="https://github.com/finestream"><img src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/16638513?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt=""/><br /><sub><b>finestream</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commits?author=finestream" title="Documentation">📖</a></td>
+    <td align="center"><a href="https://github.com/synox"><img src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/2250964?v=4?s=100" width="100px;" alt=""/><br /><sub><b>Aravindo Wingeier</b></sub></a><br /><a href="https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos/commits?author=synox" title="Documentation">📖</a></td>
  </tr>
 </table>

@@ -2382,6 +2617,7 @@ For additional details about how osxphotos is implemented or if you would like t
 - [pathvalidate](https://pypi.org/project/pathvalidate/)
 - [wurlitzer](https://pypi.org/project/wurlitzer/)
 - [toml](https://github.com/uiri/toml)
+- [PhotoScript](https://github.com/RhetTbull/PhotoScript)


 ## Acknowledgements
--- a/osxphotos/main.py
+++ b/osxphotos/main.py
--- a/osxphotos/_constants.py
+++ b/osxphotos/_constants.py
@@ -106,15 +106,15 @@ SEARCH_CATEGORY_PLACE_NAME = 1
 SEARCH_CATEGORY_STREET = 2
 SEARCH_CATEGORY_NEIGHBORHOOD = 3
 SEARCH_CATEGORY_LOCALITY_4 = 4
-SEARCH_CATEGORY_CITY = 5
-SEARCH_CATEGORY_SUB_LOCALITY = 6
-SEARCH_CATEGORY_LOCALITY_7 = 7
+SEARCH_CATEGORY_SUB_LOCALITY_5 = 5
+SEARCH_CATEGORY_SUB_LOCALITY_6 = 6
+SEARCH_CATEGORY_CITY = 7
 SEARCH_CATEGORY_LOCALITY_8 = 8
 SEARCH_CATEGORY_NAMED_AREA = 9
 SEARCH_CATEGORY_ALL_LOCALITY = [
    SEARCH_CATEGORY_LOCALITY_4,
-    SEARCH_CATEGORY_SUB_LOCALITY,
-    SEARCH_CATEGORY_LOCALITY_7,
+    SEARCH_CATEGORY_SUB_LOCALITY_5,
+    SEARCH_CATEGORY_SUB_LOCALITY_6,
    SEARCH_CATEGORY_LOCALITY_8,
    SEARCH_CATEGORY_NAMED_AREA,
 ]
@@ -178,3 +178,20 @@ DEFAULT_ORIGINAL_SUFFIX = ""
 # Colors for print CLI messages
 CLI_COLOR_ERROR = "red"
 CLI_COLOR_WARNING = "yellow"
+
+# Bit masks for --sidecar
+SIDECAR_JSON = 0x1
+SIDECAR_EXIFTOOL = 0x2
+SIDECAR_XMP = 0x4
+
+# supported attributes for --xattr-template
+EXTENDED_ATTRIBUTE_NAMES = [
+    "authors",
+    "comment",
+    "copyright",
+    "description",
+    "findercomment",
+    "headline",
+    "keywords",
+]
+EXTENDED_ATTRIBUTE_NAMES_QUOTED = [f"'{x}'" for x in EXTENDED_ATTRIBUTE_NAMES]
--- a/osxphotos/_version.py
+++ b/osxphotos/_version.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 """ version info """

-__version__ = "0.38.11"
+__version__ = "0.39.6"


--- a/osxphotos/exiftool.py
+++ b/osxphotos/exiftool.py
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@
 import json
 import logging
 import os
+import re
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 from functools import lru_cache  # pylint: disable=syntax-error

-
 # exiftool -stay_open commands outputs this EOF marker after command is run
 EXIFTOOL_STAYOPEN_EOF = "{ready}"
 EXIFTOOL_STAYOPEN_EOF_LEN = len(EXIFTOOL_STAYOPEN_EOF)
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ def get_exiftool_path():


 class _ExifToolProc:
-    """ Runs exiftool in a subprocess via Popen
-        Creates a singleton object """
+    """Runs exiftool in a subprocess via Popen
+    Creates a singleton object"""

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        """ create new object or return instance of already created singleton """
@@ -44,20 +44,20 @@ class _ExifToolProc:
        return cls.instance

    def __init__(self, exiftool=None):
-        """ construct _ExifToolProc singleton object or return instance of already created object
-            exiftool: optional path to exiftool binary (if not provided, will search path to find it) """
+        """construct _ExifToolProc singleton object or return instance of already created object
+        exiftool: optional path to exiftool binary (if not provided, will search path to find it)"""

        if hasattr(self, "_process_running") and self._process_running:
            # already running
-            if exiftool is not None:
+            if exiftool is not None and exiftool != self._exiftool:
                logging.warning(
                    f"exiftool subprocess already running, "
                    f"ignoring exiftool={exiftool}"
                )
            return

-        self._exiftool = exiftool or get_exiftool_path()
        self._process_running = False
+        self._exiftool = exiftool or get_exiftool_path()
        self._start_proc()

    @property
@@ -106,8 +106,8 @@ class _ExifToolProc:

    def _stop_proc(self):
        """ stop the exiftool process if it's running, otherwise, do nothing """
+
        if not self._process_running:
-            logging.warning("exiftool process is not running")
            return

        self._process.stdin.write(b"-stay_open\n")
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class ExifTool:
    """ Basic exiftool interface for reading and writing EXIF tags """

    def __init__(self, filepath, exiftool=None, overwrite=True, flags=None):
-        """ Create ExifTool object
+        """Create ExifTool object

        Args:
            file: path to image file
@@ -157,15 +157,15 @@ class ExifTool:
        self._read_exif()

    def setvalue(self, tag, value):
-        """ Set tag to value(s); if value is None, will delete tag
+        """Set tag to value(s); if value is None, will delete tag

        Args:
            tag: str; name of tag to set
            value: str; value to set tag to
-        
+
        Returns:
            True if success otherwise False
-            
+
            If error generated by exiftool, returns False and sets self.error to error string
            If warning generated by exiftool, returns True (unless there was also an error) and sets self.warning to warning string
            If called in context manager, returns True (execution is delayed until exiting context manager)
@@ -184,26 +184,26 @@ class ExifTool:
            return error is None

    def addvalues(self, tag, *values):
-        """ Add one or more value(s) to tag
+        """Add one or more value(s) to tag
            If more than one value is passed, each value will be added to the tag

        Args:
            tag: str; tag to set
            *values: str; one or more values to set
-        
+
        Returns:
            True if success otherwise False
-            
+
            If error generated by exiftool, returns False and sets self.error to error string
            If warning generated by exiftool, returns True (unless there was also an error) and sets self.warning to warning string
            If called in context manager, returns True (execution is delayed until exiting context manager)
-            
+
        Notes: exiftool may add duplicate values for some tags so the caller must ensure
               the values being added are not already in the EXIF data
-               For some tags, such as IPTC:Keywords, this will add a new value to the list of keywords, 
+               For some tags, such as IPTC:Keywords, this will add a new value to the list of keywords,
               but for others, such as EXIF:ISO, this will literally add a value to the existing value.
               It's up to the caller to know what exiftool will do for each tag
-               If setvalue called before addvalues, exiftool does not appear to add duplicates, 
+               If setvalue called before addvalues, exiftool does not appear to add duplicates,
               but if addvalues called without first calling setvalue, exiftool will add duplicate values
        """
        if not values:
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ class ExifTool:
            return error is None

    def run_commands(self, *commands, no_file=False):
-        """ Run commands in the exiftool process and return result.
+        """Run commands in the exiftool process and return result.

        Args:
                *commands: exiftool commands to run
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ class ExifTool:
            + b"\n"
            + b"-execute\n"
        )
-        
+
        # send the command
        self._process.stdin.write(command_str)
        self._process.stdin.flush()
@@ -300,17 +300,28 @@ class ExifTool:
        ver, _, _ = self.run_commands("-ver", no_file=True)
        return ver.decode("utf-8")

-    def asdict(self):
-        """ return dictionary of all EXIF tags and values from exiftool 
-            returns empty dict if no tags
+    def asdict(self, tag_groups=True):
+        """return dictionary of all EXIF tags and values from exiftool
+        returns empty dict if no tags
+
+        Args:
+            tag_groups: if True (default), dict keys have tag groups, e.g. "IPTC:Keywords"; if False, drops groups from keys, e.g. "Keywords"
        """
        json_str, _, _ = self.run_commands("-json")
-        if json_str:
-            exifdict = json.loads(json_str)
-            return exifdict[0]
-        else:
+        if not json_str:
            return dict()

+        exifdict = json.loads(json_str)
+        exifdict = exifdict[0]
+        if not tag_groups:
+            # strip tag groups
+            exif_new = {}
+            for k, v in exifdict.items():
+                k = re.sub(r".*:", "", k)
+                exif_new[k] = v
+            exifdict = exif_new
+        return exifdict
+
    def json(self):
        """ returns JSON string containing all EXIF tags and values from exiftool """
        json, _, _ = self.run_commands("-json")
--- a/osxphotos/imageconverter.py
+++ b/osxphotos/imageconverter.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@

 # reference: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/59330149/coreimage-ciimage-write-jpg-is-shifting-colors-macos/59334308#59334308

-import logging
 import pathlib

 import Metal
@@ -16,6 +15,11 @@ from Foundation import NSDictionary
 from wurlitzer import pipes


+class ImageConversionError(Exception):
+    """Base class for exceptions in this module. """
+
+    pass
+
 class ImageConverter:
    """ Convert images to jpeg.  This class is a singleton
        which will re-use the Core Image CIContext to avoid
@@ -60,6 +64,7 @@ class ImageConverter:
        Raises:
            ValueError if compression quality not in range 0.0 to 1.0
            FileNotFoundError if input_path doesn't exist
+            ImageConversionError if error during conversion
        """

        # accept input_path or output_path as pathlib.Path
@@ -89,8 +94,7 @@ class ImageConverter:
            input_image = Quartz.CIImage.imageWithContentsOfURL_(input_url)

        if input_image is None:
-            logging.debug(f"Could not create CIImage for {input_path}")
-            return False
+            raise ImageConversionError(f"Could not create CIImage for {input_path}")

        output_colorspace = input_image.colorSpace() or Quartz.CGColorSpaceCreateWithName(
            Quartz.CoreGraphics.kCGColorSpaceSRGB
@@ -105,8 +109,7 @@ class ImageConverter:
        if not error:
            return True
        else:
-            logging.debug(
+            raise ImageConversionError(
                "Error converting file {input_path} to jpeg at {output_path}: {error}"
            )
-            return False

--- a/osxphotos/photoinfo/_photoinfo_exiftool.py
+++ b/osxphotos/photoinfo/_photoinfo_exiftool.py
@@ -18,12 +18,11 @@ def exiftool(self):
        return self._exiftool
    except AttributeError:
        try:
-            exiftool_path = get_exiftool_path()
+            exiftool_path = self._db._exiftool_path or get_exiftool_path()
            if self.path is not None and os.path.isfile(self.path):
-                exiftool = ExifTool(self.path)
+                exiftool = ExifTool(self.path, exiftool=exiftool_path)
            else:
                exiftool = None
-                logging.debug(f"exiftool: missing path {self.uuid}")
        except FileNotFoundError:
            # get_exiftool_path raises FileNotFoundError if exiftool not found
            exiftool = None
--- a/osxphotos/photoinfo/_photoinfo_export.py
+++ b/osxphotos/photoinfo/_photoinfo_export.py
@@ -5,12 +5,15 @@
    _export_photo
    _write_exif_data
    _exiftool_json_sidecar
+    _get_exif_keywords
+    _get_exif_persons
    _exiftool_dict
    _xmp_sidecar
    _write_sidecar
    """

 # TODO: should this be its own PhotoExporter class?
+# TODO: the various sidecar_json, sidecar_xmp, etc args should all be collapsed to a sidecar param using a bit mask

 import glob
 import hashlib
@@ -32,6 +35,9 @@ from .._constants import (
    _TEMPLATE_DIR,
    _UNKNOWN_PERSON,
    _XMP_TEMPLATE_NAME,
+    SIDECAR_EXIFTOOL,
+    SIDECAR_JSON,
+    SIDECAR_XMP,
 )
 from ..datetime_utils import datetime_tz_to_utc
 from ..exiftool import ExifTool
@@ -40,8 +46,8 @@ from ..fileutil import FileUtil
 from ..photokit import (
    PHOTOS_VERSION_CURRENT,
    PHOTOS_VERSION_ORIGINAL,
-    PhotoLibrary,
    PhotoKitFetchFailed,
+    PhotoLibrary,
 )
 from ..utils import dd_to_dms_str, findfiles, noop

@@ -60,12 +66,16 @@ class ExportResults:
        converted_to_jpeg=None,
        sidecar_json_written=None,
        sidecar_json_skipped=None,
+        sidecar_exiftool_written=None,
+        sidecar_exiftool_skipped=None,
        sidecar_xmp_written=None,
        sidecar_xmp_skipped=None,
        missing=None,
        error=None,
        exiftool_warning=None,
        exiftool_error=None,
+        xattr_written=None,
+        xattr_skipped=None,
    ):
        self.exported = exported or []
        self.new = new or []
@@ -76,12 +86,16 @@ class ExportResults:
        self.converted_to_jpeg = converted_to_jpeg or []
        self.sidecar_json_written = sidecar_json_written or []
        self.sidecar_json_skipped = sidecar_json_skipped or []
+        self.sidecar_exiftool_written = sidecar_exiftool_written or []
+        self.sidecar_exiftool_skipped = sidecar_exiftool_skipped or []
        self.sidecar_xmp_written = sidecar_xmp_written or []
        self.sidecar_xmp_skipped = sidecar_xmp_skipped or []
        self.missing = missing or []
        self.error = error or []
        self.exiftool_warning = exiftool_warning or []
        self.exiftool_error = exiftool_error or []
+        self.xattr_written = xattr_written or []
+        self.xattr_skipped = xattr_skipped or []

    def all_files(self):
        """ return all filenames contained in results """
@@ -95,6 +109,8 @@ class ExportResults:
            + self.converted_to_jpeg
            + self.sidecar_json_written
            + self.sidecar_json_skipped
+            + self.sidecar_exiftool_written
+            + self.sidecar_exiftool_skipped
            + self.sidecar_xmp_written
            + self.sidecar_xmp_skipped
            + self.missing
@@ -116,6 +132,8 @@ class ExportResults:
        self.converted_to_jpeg += other.converted_to_jpeg
        self.sidecar_json_written += other.sidecar_json_written
        self.sidecar_json_skipped += other.sidecar_json_skipped
+        self.sidecar_exiftool_written += other.sidecar_exiftool_written
+        self.sidecar_exiftool_skipped += other.sidecar_exiftool_skipped
        self.sidecar_xmp_written += other.sidecar_xmp_written
        self.sidecar_xmp_skipped += other.sidecar_xmp_skipped
        self.missing += other.missing
@@ -136,6 +154,8 @@ class ExportResults:
            + f",converted_to_jpeg={self.converted_to_jpeg}"
            + f",sidecar_json_written={self.sidecar_json_written}"
            + f",sidecar_json_skipped={self.sidecar_json_skipped}"
+            + f",sidecar_exiftool_written={self.sidecar_exiftool_written}"
+            + f",sidecar_exiftool_skipped={self.sidecar_exiftool_skipped}"
            + f",sidecar_xmp_written={self.sidecar_xmp_written}"
            + f",sidecar_xmp_skipped={self.sidecar_xmp_skipped}"
            + f",missing={self.missing}"
@@ -323,6 +343,7 @@ def export(
    overwrite=False,
    increment=True,
    sidecar_json=False,
+    sidecar_exiftool=False,
    sidecar_xmp=False,
    use_photos_export=False,
    timeout=120,
@@ -352,10 +373,12 @@ def export(
    overwrite: (boolean, default=False); if True will overwrite files if they alreay exist
    increment: (boolean, default=True); if True, will increment file name until a non-existant name is found
                if overwrite=False and increment=False, export will fail if destination file already exists
-    sidecar_json: (boolean, default = False); if True will also write a json sidecar with IPTC data in format readable by exiftool
-                sidecar filename will be dest/filename.json
-    sidecar_xmp: (boolean, default = False); if True will also write a XMP sidecar with IPTC data
-                sidecar filename will be dest/filename.xmp
+    sidecar_json: if set will write a json sidecar with data in format readable by exiftool
+                sidecar filename will be dest/filename.json; includes exiftool tag group names (e.g. `exiftool -G -j`)
+    sidecar_exiftool: if set will write a json sidecar with data in format readable by exiftool
+                sidecar filename will be dest/filename.json; does not include exiftool tag group names (e.g. `exiftool -j`)
+    sidecar_xmp: if set will write an XMP sidecar with IPTC data
+                sidecar filename will be dest/filename.xmp           
    use_photos_export: (boolean, default=False); if True will attempt to export photo via applescript interaction with Photos
    timeout: (int, default=120) timeout in seconds used with use_photos_export
    exiftool: (boolean, default = False); if True, will use exiftool to write metadata to export file
@@ -372,6 +395,14 @@ def export(

    # Implementation note: calls export2 to actually do the work

+    sidecar = 0
+    if sidecar_json:
+        sidecar |= SIDECAR_JSON
+    if sidecar_exiftool:
+        sidecar |= SIDECAR_EXIFTOOL
+    if sidecar_xmp:
+        sidecar |= SIDECAR_XMP
+
    results = self.export2(
        dest,
        *filename,
@@ -381,8 +412,7 @@ def export(
        export_as_hardlink=export_as_hardlink,
        overwrite=overwrite,
        increment=increment,
-        sidecar_json=sidecar_json,
-        sidecar_xmp=sidecar_xmp,
+        sidecar=sidecar,
        use_photos_export=use_photos_export,
        timeout=timeout,
        exiftool=exiftool,
@@ -405,8 +435,8 @@ def export2(
    export_as_hardlink=False,
    overwrite=False,
    increment=True,
-    sidecar_json=False,
-    sidecar_xmp=False,
+    sidecar=0,
+    sidecar_drop_ext=False,
    use_photos_export=False,
    timeout=120,
    exiftool=False,
@@ -426,6 +456,8 @@ def export2(
    use_photokit=False,
    verbose=None,
    exiftool_flags=None,
+    merge_exif_keywords=False,
+    merge_exif_persons=False,
 ):
    """export photo, like export but with update and dry_run options
    dest: must be valid destination path or exception raised
@@ -445,10 +477,14 @@ def export2(
    overwrite: (boolean, default=False); if True will overwrite files if they alreay exist
    increment: (boolean, default=True); if True, will increment file name until a non-existant name is found
                if overwrite=False and increment=False, export will fail if destination file already exists
-    sidecar_json: (boolean, default = False); if True will also write a json sidecar with IPTC data in format readable by exiftool
-                sidecar filename will be dest/filename.json
-    sidecar_xmp: (boolean, default = False); if True will also write a XMP sidecar with IPTC data
+    sidecar: bit field: set to one or more of SIDECAR_XMP, SIDECAR_JSON, SIDECAR_EXIFTOOL
+             SIDECAR_JSON: if set will write a json sidecar with data in format readable by exiftool
+                sidecar filename will be dest/filename.json; includes exiftool tag group names (e.g. `exiftool -G -j`)
+             SIDECAR_EXIFTOOL: if set will write a json sidecar with data in format readable by exiftool
+                sidecar filename will be dest/filename.json; does not include exiftool tag group names (e.g. `exiftool -j`)
+             SIDECAR_XMP: if set will write an XMP sidecar with IPTC data
                sidecar filename will be dest/filename.xmp
+    sidecar_drop_ext: (boolean, default=False); if True, drops the photo's extension from sidecar filename (e.g. 'IMG_1234.json' instead of 'IMG_1234.JPG.json')
    use_photos_export: (boolean, default=False); if True will attempt to export photo via applescript interaction with Photos
    timeout: (int, default=120) timeout in seconds used with use_photos_export
    exiftool: (boolean, default = False); if True, will use exiftool to write metadata to export file
@@ -471,6 +507,8 @@ def export2(
    ignore_date_modified: for use with sidecar and exiftool; if True, sets EXIF:ModifyDate to EXIF:DateTimeOriginal even if date_modified is set
    verbose: optional callable function to use for printing verbose text during processing; if None (default), does not print output.
    exiftool_flags: optional list of flags to pass to exiftool when using exiftool option, e.g ["-m", "-F"]
+    merge_exif_keywords: boolean; if True, merged keywords found in file's exif data (requires exiftool)
+    merge_exif_persons: boolean; if True, merged persons found in file's exif data (requires exiftool)

    Returns: ExportResults class 
        ExportResults has attributes: 
@@ -483,6 +521,8 @@ def export2(
        "converted_to_jpeg",
        "sidecar_json_written",
        "sidecar_json_skipped",
+        "sidecar_exiftool_written",
+        "sidecar_exiftool_skipped",
        "sidecar_xmp_written",
        "sidecar_xmp_skipped",
        "missing",
@@ -857,48 +897,62 @@ def export2(
            )

    # export metadata
+    sidecars = []
    sidecar_json_files_skipped = []
    sidecar_json_files_written = []
-    if sidecar_json:
-        sidecar_filename = dest.parent / pathlib.Path(f"{dest.stem}{dest.suffix}.json")
+    sidecar_exiftool_files_skipped = []
+    sidecar_exiftool_files_written = []
+    sidecar_xmp_files_skipped = []
+    sidecar_xmp_files_written = []
+
+    dest_suffix = "" if sidecar_drop_ext else dest.suffix
+    if sidecar & SIDECAR_JSON:
+        sidecar_filename = dest.parent / pathlib.Path(f"{dest.stem}{dest_suffix}.json")
        sidecar_str = self._exiftool_json_sidecar(
            use_albums_as_keywords=use_albums_as_keywords,
            use_persons_as_keywords=use_persons_as_keywords,
            keyword_template=keyword_template,
            description_template=description_template,
            ignore_date_modified=ignore_date_modified,
+            merge_exif_keywords=merge_exif_keywords,
+            merge_exif_persons=merge_exif_persons,
+            filename=dest.name,
        )
-        sidecar_digest = hexdigest(sidecar_str)
-        old_sidecar_digest, sidecar_sig = export_db.get_sidecar_for_file(
-            sidecar_filename
-        )
-        write_sidecar = (
-            not update
-            or (update and not sidecar_filename.exists())
-            or (
-                update
-                and (sidecar_digest != old_sidecar_digest)
-                or not fileutil.cmp_file_sig(sidecar_filename, sidecar_sig)
+        sidecars.append(
+            (
+                sidecar_filename,
+                sidecar_str,
+                sidecar_json_files_written,
+                sidecar_json_files_skipped,
+                "JSON",
            )
        )
-        if write_sidecar:
-            verbose(f"Writing exiftool JSON sidecar {sidecar_filename}")
-            sidecar_json_files_written.append(str(sidecar_filename))
-            if not dry_run:
-                self._write_sidecar(sidecar_filename, sidecar_str)
-                export_db.set_sidecar_for_file(
-                    sidecar_filename,
-                    sidecar_digest,
-                    fileutil.file_sig(sidecar_filename),
-                )
-        else:
-            verbose(f"Skipped up to date exiftool JSON sidecar {sidecar_filename}")
-            sidecar_json_files_skipped.append(str(sidecar_filename))

-    sidecar_xmp_files_skipped = []
-    sidecar_xmp_files_written = []
-    if sidecar_xmp:
-        sidecar_filename = dest.parent / pathlib.Path(f"{dest.stem}{dest.suffix}.xmp")
+    if sidecar & SIDECAR_EXIFTOOL:
+        sidecar_filename = dest.parent / pathlib.Path(f"{dest.stem}{dest_suffix}.json")
+        sidecar_str = self._exiftool_json_sidecar(
+            use_albums_as_keywords=use_albums_as_keywords,
+            use_persons_as_keywords=use_persons_as_keywords,
+            keyword_template=keyword_template,
+            description_template=description_template,
+            ignore_date_modified=ignore_date_modified,
+            tag_groups=False,
+            merge_exif_keywords=merge_exif_keywords,
+            merge_exif_persons=merge_exif_persons,
+            filename=dest.name,
+        )
+        sidecars.append(
+            (
+                sidecar_filename,
+                sidecar_str,
+                sidecar_exiftool_files_written,
+                sidecar_exiftool_files_skipped,
+                "exiftool",
+            )
+        )
+
+    if sidecar & SIDECAR_XMP:
+        sidecar_filename = dest.parent / pathlib.Path(f"{dest.stem}{dest_suffix}.xmp")
        sidecar_str = self._xmp_sidecar(
            use_albums_as_keywords=use_albums_as_keywords,
            use_persons_as_keywords=use_persons_as_keywords,
@@ -906,6 +960,23 @@ def export2(
            description_template=description_template,
            extension=dest.suffix[1:] if dest.suffix else None,
        )
+        sidecars.append(
+            (
+                sidecar_filename,
+                sidecar_str,
+                sidecar_xmp_files_written,
+                sidecar_xmp_files_skipped,
+                "XMP",
+            )
+        )
+
+    for data in sidecars:
+        sidecar_filename = data[0]
+        sidecar_str = data[1]
+        files_written = data[2]
+        files_skipped = data[3]
+        sidecar_type = data[4]
+
        sidecar_digest = hexdigest(sidecar_str)
        old_sidecar_digest, sidecar_sig = export_db.get_sidecar_for_file(
            sidecar_filename
@@ -920,8 +991,8 @@ def export2(
            )
        )
        if write_sidecar:
-            verbose(f"Writing XMP sidecar {sidecar_filename}")
-            sidecar_xmp_files_written.append(str(sidecar_filename))
+            verbose(f"Writing {sidecar_type} sidecar {sidecar_filename}")
+            files_written.append(str(sidecar_filename))
            if not dry_run:
                self._write_sidecar(sidecar_filename, sidecar_str)
                export_db.set_sidecar_for_file(
@@ -930,8 +1001,8 @@ def export2(
                    fileutil.file_sig(sidecar_filename),
                )
        else:
-            verbose(f"Skipped up to date XMP sidecar {sidecar_filename}")
-            sidecar_xmp_files_skipped.append(str(sidecar_filename))
+            verbose(f"Skipped up to date {sidecar_type} sidecar {sidecar_filename}")
+            files_skipped.append(str(sidecar_filename))

    # if exiftool, write the metadata
    if update:
@@ -957,6 +1028,8 @@ def export2(
                        keyword_template=keyword_template,
                        description_template=description_template,
                        ignore_date_modified=ignore_date_modified,
+                        merge_exif_keywords=merge_exif_keywords,
+                        merge_exif_persons=merge_exif_persons,
                    )
                )[0]
                if old_data != current_data:
@@ -975,6 +1048,8 @@ def export2(
                        description_template=description_template,
                        ignore_date_modified=ignore_date_modified,
                        flags=exiftool_flags,
+                        merge_exif_keywords=merge_exif_keywords,
+                        merge_exif_persons=merge_exif_persons,
                    )
                    if warning_:
                        exiftool_warning.append((exported_file, warning_))
@@ -990,6 +1065,8 @@ def export2(
                        keyword_template=keyword_template,
                        description_template=description_template,
                        ignore_date_modified=ignore_date_modified,
+                        merge_exif_keywords=merge_exif_keywords,
+                        merge_exif_persons=merge_exif_persons,
                    ),
                )
                export_db.set_stat_exif_for_file(
@@ -1010,6 +1087,8 @@ def export2(
                    description_template=description_template,
                    ignore_date_modified=ignore_date_modified,
                    flags=exiftool_flags,
+                    merge_exif_keywords=merge_exif_keywords,
+                    merge_exif_persons=merge_exif_persons,
                )
                if warning_:
                    exiftool_warning.append((exported_file, warning_))
@@ -1025,6 +1104,8 @@ def export2(
                    keyword_template=keyword_template,
                    description_template=description_template,
                    ignore_date_modified=ignore_date_modified,
+                    merge_exif_keywords=merge_exif_keywords,
+                    merge_exif_persons=merge_exif_persons,
                ),
            )
            export_db.set_stat_exif_for_file(
@@ -1051,6 +1132,8 @@ def export2(
        converted_to_jpeg=converted_to_jpeg_files,
        sidecar_json_written=sidecar_json_files_written,
        sidecar_json_skipped=sidecar_json_files_skipped,
+        sidecar_exiftool_written=sidecar_exiftool_files_written,
+        sidecar_exiftool_skipped=sidecar_exiftool_files_skipped,
        sidecar_xmp_written=sidecar_xmp_files_written,
        sidecar_xmp_skipped=sidecar_xmp_files_skipped,
        error=errors,
@@ -1233,6 +1316,8 @@ def _export_photo(
        converted_to_jpeg=converted_to_jpeg_files,
        sidecar_json_written=[],
        sidecar_json_skipped=[],
+        sidecar_exiftool_written=[],
+        sidecar_exiftool_skipped=[],
        sidecar_xmp_written=[],
        sidecar_xmp_skipped=[],
        missing=[],
@@ -1249,6 +1334,8 @@ def _write_exif_data(
    description_template=None,
    ignore_date_modified=False,
    flags=None,
+    merge_exif_keywords=False,
+    merge_exif_persons=False,
 ):
    """write exif data to image file at filepath

@@ -1271,9 +1358,11 @@ def _write_exif_data(
        keyword_template=keyword_template,
        description_template=description_template,
        ignore_date_modified=ignore_date_modified,
+        merge_exif_keywords=merge_exif_keywords,
+        merge_exif_persons=merge_exif_persons,
    )

-    with ExifTool(filepath, flags=flags) as exiftool:
+    with ExifTool(filepath, flags=flags, exiftool=self._db._exiftool_path) as exiftool:
        for exiftag, val in exif_info.items():
            if type(val) == list:
                for v in val:
@@ -1290,16 +1379,22 @@ def _exiftool_dict(
    keyword_template=None,
    description_template=None,
    ignore_date_modified=False,
+    merge_exif_keywords=False,
+    merge_exif_persons=False,
+    filename=None,
 ):
    """Return dict of EXIF details for building exiftool JSON sidecar or sending commands to ExifTool.
        Does not include all the EXIF fields as those are likely already in the image.

    Args:
+        filename: name of source image file (without path); if not None, exiftool JSON signature will be included; if None, signature will not be included
        use_albums_as_keywords: treat album names as keywords
        use_persons_as_keywords: treat person names as keywords
        keyword_template: (list of strings); list of template strings to render as keywords
        description_template: (list of strings); list of template strings to render for the description
        ignore_date_modified: if True, sets EXIF:ModifyDate to EXIF:DateTimeOriginal even if date_modified is set
+        merge_exif_keywords: merge keywords in the file's exif metadata (requires exiftool)
+        merge_exif_persons: merge persons in the file's exif metadata (requires exiftool)

    Returns: dict with exiftool tags / values

@@ -1326,11 +1421,21 @@ def _exiftool_dict(
        UserData:GPSCoordinates
    """

-    exif = {}
+    exif = (
+        {
+            "SourceFile": filename,
+            "ExifTool:ExifToolVersion": "12.00",
+            "File:FileName": filename,
+        }
+        if filename is not None
+        else {}
+    )
+
    if description_template is not None:
-        description = self.render_template(
+        rendered = self.render_template(
            description_template, expand_inplace=True, inplace_sep=", "
        )[0]
+        description = " ".join(rendered) if rendered else ""
        exif["EXIF:ImageDescription"] = description
        exif["XMP:Description"] = description
    elif self.description:
@@ -1341,13 +1446,19 @@ def _exiftool_dict(
        exif["XMP:Title"] = self.title

    keyword_list = []
+    if merge_exif_keywords:
+        keyword_list.extend(self._get_exif_keywords())
+
    if self.keywords:
        keyword_list.extend(self.keywords)

    person_list = []
+    if merge_exif_persons:
+        person_list.extend(self._get_exif_persons())
+
    if self.persons:
        # filter out _UNKNOWN_PERSON
-        person_list = [p for p in self.persons if p != _UNKNOWN_PERSON]
+        person_list.extend([p for p in self.persons if p != _UNKNOWN_PERSON])

    if use_persons_as_keywords and person_list:
        keyword_list.extend(person_list)
@@ -1390,18 +1501,14 @@ def _exiftool_dict(
    if keyword_list:
        # remove duplicates
        keyword_list = sorted(list(set(keyword_list)))
-        exif["XMP:TagsList"] = keyword_list.copy()
        exif["IPTC:Keywords"] = keyword_list.copy()
+        exif["XMP:Subject"] = keyword_list.copy()
+        exif["XMP:TagsList"] = keyword_list.copy()

    if person_list:
        person_list = sorted(list(set(person_list)))
        exif["XMP:PersonInImage"] = person_list.copy()

-    if self.keywords or person_list:
-        # Photos puts both keywords and persons in Subject when using "Export IPTC as XMP"
-        # only use Photos' keywords for subject (e.g. don't include template values)
-        exif["XMP:Subject"] = sorted(list(set(self.keywords + person_list)))
-
    # if self.favorite():
    #     exif["Rating"] = 5

@@ -1478,6 +1585,39 @@ def _exiftool_dict(
    return exif


+def _get_exif_keywords(self):
+    """ returns list of keywords found in the file's exif metadata """
+    keywords = []
+    exif = self.exiftool
+    if exif:
+        exifdict = exif.asdict()
+        for field in ["IPTC:Keywords", "XMP:TagsList", "XMP:Subject"]:
+            try:
+                kw = exifdict[field]
+                if kw and type(kw) != list:
+                    kw = [kw]
+                keywords.extend(kw)
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+    return keywords
+
+
+def _get_exif_persons(self):
+    """ returns list of persons found in the file's exif metadata """
+    persons = []
+    exif = self.exiftool
+    if exif:
+        exifdict = exif.asdict()
+        try:
+            p = exifdict["XMP:PersonInImage"]
+            if p and type(p) != list:
+                p = [p]
+            persons.extend(p)
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+    return persons
+
+
 def _exiftool_json_sidecar(
    self,
    use_albums_as_keywords=False,
@@ -1485,6 +1625,10 @@ def _exiftool_json_sidecar(
    keyword_template=None,
    description_template=None,
    ignore_date_modified=False,
+    tag_groups=True,
+    merge_exif_keywords=False,
+    merge_exif_persons=False,
+    filename=None,
 ):
    """Return dict of EXIF details for building exiftool JSON sidecar or sending commands to ExifTool.
        Does not include all the EXIF fields as those are likely already in the image.
@@ -1495,6 +1639,10 @@ def _exiftool_json_sidecar(
        keyword_template: (list of strings); list of template strings to render as keywords
        description_template: (list of strings); list of template strings to render for the description
        ignore_date_modified: if True, sets EXIF:ModifyDate to EXIF:DateTimeOriginal even if date_modified is set
+        tag_groups: if True, tags are in form Group:TagName, e.g. IPTC:Keywords, otherwise group name is omitted, e.g. Keywords
+        merge_exif_keywords: boolean; if True, merged keywords found in file's exif data (requires exiftool)
+        merge_exif_persons: boolean; if True, merged persons found in file's exif data (requires exiftool)
+        filename: filename of the destination image file for including in exiftool signature in JSON sidecar

    Returns: dict with exiftool tags / values

@@ -1526,7 +1674,19 @@ def _exiftool_json_sidecar(
        keyword_template=keyword_template,
        description_template=description_template,
        ignore_date_modified=ignore_date_modified,
+        merge_exif_keywords=merge_exif_keywords,
+        merge_exif_persons=merge_exif_persons,
+        filename=filename,
    )
+
+    if not tag_groups:
+        # strip tag groups
+        exif_new = {}
+        for k, v in exif.items():
+            k = re.sub(r".*:", "", k)
+            exif_new[k] = v
+        exif = exif_new
+
    return json.dumps([exif])


@@ -1537,12 +1697,17 @@ def _xmp_sidecar(
    keyword_template=None,
    description_template=None,
    extension=None,
+    merge_exif_keywords=False,
+    merge_exif_persons=False,
 ):
    """returns string for XMP sidecar
    use_albums_as_keywords: treat album names as keywords
    use_persons_as_keywords: treat person names as keywords
    keyword_template: (list of strings); list of template strings to render as keywords
-    description_template: string; optional template string that will be rendered for use as photo description"""
+    description_template: string; optional template string that will be rendered for use as photo description
+    merge_exif_keywords: boolean; if True, merged keywords found in file's exif data (requires exiftool)
+    merge_exif_persons: boolean; if True, merged persons found in file's exif data (requires exiftool)
+    """

    xmp_template = Template(filename=os.path.join(_TEMPLATE_DIR, _XMP_TEMPLATE_NAME))

@@ -1551,13 +1716,17 @@ def _xmp_sidecar(
        extension = extension.suffix[1:] if extension.suffix else None

    if description_template is not None:
-        description = self.render_template(
+        rendered = self.render_template(
            description_template, expand_inplace=True, inplace_sep=", "
        )[0]
+        description = " ".join(rendered) if rendered else ""
    else:
        description = self.description if self.description is not None else ""

    keyword_list = []
+    if merge_exif_keywords:
+        keyword_list.extend(self._get_exif_keywords())
+
    if self.keywords:
        keyword_list.extend(self.keywords)

@@ -1565,9 +1734,12 @@ def _xmp_sidecar(
    # good candidate for pulling out in a function

    person_list = []
+    if merge_exif_persons:
+        person_list.extend(self._get_exif_persons())
+
    if self.persons:
        # filter out _UNKNOWN_PERSON
-        person_list = [p for p in self.persons if p != _UNKNOWN_PERSON]
+        person_list.extend([p for p in self.persons if p != _UNKNOWN_PERSON])

    if use_persons_as_keywords and person_list:
        keyword_list.extend(person_list)
@@ -1607,20 +1779,15 @@ def _xmp_sidecar(

        keyword_list.extend(rendered_keywords)

-    subject_list = []
-    if self.keywords or person_list:
-        # Photos puts both keywords and persons in Subject when using "Export IPTC as XMP"
-        subject_list = list(self.keywords) + person_list
-
    # remove duplicates
    # sorted mainly to make testing the XMP file easier
    if keyword_list:
        keyword_list = sorted(list(set(keyword_list)))
-    if subject_list:
-        subject_list = sorted(list(set(subject_list)))
    if person_list:
        person_list = sorted(list(set(person_list)))

+    subject_list = keyword_list
+
    xmp_str = xmp_template.render(
        photo=self,
        description=description,
@@ -1631,7 +1798,7 @@ def _xmp_sidecar(
    )

    # remove extra lines that mako inserts from template
-    xmp_str = "\n".join([line for line in xmp_str.split("\n") if line.strip() != ""])
+    xmp_str = "\n".join(line for line in xmp_str.split("\n") if line.strip() != "")
    return xmp_str


--- a/osxphotos/photoinfo/photoinfo.py
+++ b/osxphotos/photoinfo/photoinfo.py
@@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ from .._constants import (
    _PHOTOS_4_ALBUM_KIND,
    _PHOTOS_4_ROOT_FOLDER,
    _PHOTOS_4_VERSION,
-    _PHOTOS_5_VERSION,
    _PHOTOS_5_ALBUM_KIND,
    _PHOTOS_5_IMPORT_SESSION_ALBUM_KIND,
    _PHOTOS_5_SHARED_ALBUM_KIND,
    _PHOTOS_5_SHARED_PHOTO_PATH,
+    _PHOTOS_5_VERSION,
 )
 from ..albuminfo import AlbumInfo, ImportInfo
 from ..personinfo import FaceInfo, PersonInfo
@@ -56,6 +56,8 @@ class PhotoInfo:
        _export_photo,
        _exiftool_dict,
        _exiftool_json_sidecar,
+        _get_exif_keywords,
+        _get_exif_persons,
        _write_exif_data,
        _write_sidecar,
        _xmp_sidecar,
@@ -84,8 +86,8 @@ class PhotoInfo:

    @property
    def original_filename(self):
-        """ original filename of the picture 
-            Photos 5 mangles filenames upon import """
+        """original filename of the picture
+        Photos 5 mangles filenames upon import"""
        if (
            self._db._db_version <= _PHOTOS_4_VERSION
            and self.has_raw
@@ -104,8 +106,8 @@ class PhotoInfo:

    @property
    def date_modified(self):
-        """ image modification date as timezone aware datetime object
-            or None if no modification date set """
+        """image modification date as timezone aware datetime object
+        or None if no modification date set"""

        # Photos <= 4 provides no way to get date of adjustment and will update
        # lastmodifieddate anytime photo database record is updated (e.g. adding tags)
@@ -490,9 +492,9 @@ class PhotoInfo:

    @property
    def ismissing(self):
-        """ returns true if photo is missing from disk (which means it's not been downloaded from iCloud) 
+        """returns true if photo is missing from disk (which means it's not been downloaded from iCloud)
        NOTE:   the photos.db database uses an asynchrounous write-ahead log so changes in Photos
-                do not immediately get written to disk. In particular, I've noticed that downloading 
+                do not immediately get written to disk. In particular, I've noticed that downloading
                an image from the cloud does not force the database to be updated until something else
                e.g. an edit, keyword, etc. occurs forcing a database synch
                The exact process / timing is a mystery to be but be aware that if some photos were recently
@@ -537,8 +539,8 @@ class PhotoInfo:

    @property
    def shared(self):
-        """ returns True if photos is in a shared iCloud album otherwise false
-            Only valid on Photos 5; returns None on older versions """
+        """returns True if photos is in a shared iCloud album otherwise false
+        Only valid on Photos 5; returns None on older versions"""
        if self._db._db_version > _PHOTOS_4_VERSION:
            return self._info["shared"]
        else:
@@ -546,8 +548,8 @@ class PhotoInfo:

    @property
    def uti(self):
-        """ Returns Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) for the image
-            for example: public.jpeg or com.apple.quicktime-movie
+        """Returns Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) for the image
+        for example: public.jpeg or com.apple.quicktime-movie
        """
        if self._db._db_version <= _PHOTOS_4_VERSION:
            if self.hasadjustments:
@@ -562,8 +564,8 @@ class PhotoInfo:

    @property
    def uti_original(self):
-        """ Returns Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) for the original image
-            for example: public.jpeg or com.apple.quicktime-movie
+        """Returns Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) for the original image
+        for example: public.jpeg or com.apple.quicktime-movie
        """
        if self._db._db_version <= _PHOTOS_4_VERSION and self._info["has_raw"]:
            return self._info["raw_pair_info"]["UTI"]
@@ -575,9 +577,9 @@ class PhotoInfo:

    @property
    def uti_edited(self):
-        """ Returns Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) for the edited image 
-            if the photo has been edited, otherwise None; 
-            for example: public.jpeg 
+        """Returns Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) for the edited image
+        if the photo has been edited, otherwise None;
+        for example: public.jpeg
        """
        if self._db._db_version >= _PHOTOS_5_VERSION:
            return self.uti if self.hasadjustments else None
@@ -586,36 +588,34 @@ class PhotoInfo:

    @property
    def uti_raw(self):
-        """ Returns Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) for the RAW image if there is one
-            for example: com.canon.cr2-raw-image
-            Returns None if no associated RAW image
+        """Returns Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) for the RAW image if there is one
+        for example: com.canon.cr2-raw-image
+        Returns None if no associated RAW image
        """
        return self._info["UTI_raw"]

    @property
    def ismovie(self):
-        """ Returns True if file is a movie, otherwise False
-        """
+        """Returns True if file is a movie, otherwise False"""
        return True if self._info["type"] == _MOVIE_TYPE else False

    @property
    def isphoto(self):
-        """ Returns True if file is an image, otherwise False
-        """
+        """Returns True if file is an image, otherwise False"""
        return True if self._info["type"] == _PHOTO_TYPE else False

    @property
    def incloud(self):
-        """ Returns True if photo is cloud asset and is synched to cloud
-                    False if photo is cloud asset and not yet synched to cloud
-                    None if photo is not cloud asset
+        """Returns True if photo is cloud asset and is synched to cloud
+        False if photo is cloud asset and not yet synched to cloud
+        None if photo is not cloud asset
        """
        return self._info["incloud"]

    @property
    def iscloudasset(self):
-        """ Returns True if photo is a cloud asset (in an iCloud library),
-            otherwise False 
+        """Returns True if photo is a cloud asset (in an iCloud library),
+        otherwise False
        """
        if self._db._db_version <= _PHOTOS_4_VERSION:
            return (
@@ -634,9 +634,9 @@ class PhotoInfo:

    @property
    def burst_photos(self):
-        """ If photo is a burst photo, returns list of PhotoInfo objects 
-            that are part of the same burst photo set; otherwise returns empty list.
-            self is not included in the returned list """
+        """If photo is a burst photo, returns list of PhotoInfo objects
+        that are part of the same burst photo set; otherwise returns empty list.
+        self is not included in the returned list"""
        if self._info["burst"]:
            burst_uuid = self._info["burstUUID"]
            return [
@@ -654,9 +654,9 @@ class PhotoInfo:

    @property
    def path_live_photo(self):
-        """ Returns path to the associated video file for a live photo
-            If photo is not a live photo, returns None
-            If photo is missing, returns None """
+        """Returns path to the associated video file for a live photo
+        If photo is not a live photo, returns None
+        If photo is missing, returns None"""

        photopath = None
        if self._db._db_version <= _PHOTOS_4_VERSION:
@@ -783,9 +783,9 @@ class PhotoInfo:

    @property
    def raw_original(self):
-        """ returns True if associated raw image and the raw image is selected in Photos
-            via "Use RAW as Original "
-            otherwise returns False """
+        """returns True if associated raw image and the raw image is selected in Photos
+        via "Use RAW as Original "
+        otherwise returns False"""
        return self._info["raw_is_original"]

    @property
@@ -832,27 +832,27 @@ class PhotoInfo:
        inplace_sep=None,
        filename=False,
        dirname=False,
-        replacement=":",
+        strip=False,
    ):
        """Renders a template string for PhotoInfo instance using PhotoTemplate

        Args:
            template_str: a template string with fields to render
            none_str: a str to use if template field renders to None, default is "_".
-            path_sep: a single character str to use as path separator when joining 
+            path_sep: a single character str to use as path separator when joining
                fields like folder_album; if not provided, defaults to os.path.sep
-            expand_inplace: expand multi-valued substitutions in-place as a single string 
+            expand_inplace: expand multi-valued substitutions in-place as a single string
                instead of returning individual strings
            inplace_sep: optional string to use as separator between multi-valued keywords
                with expand_inplace; default is ','
            filename: if True, template output will be sanitized to produce valid file name
-            dirname: if True, template output will be sanitized to produce valid directory name 
-            replacement: str, value to replace any illegal file path characters with; default = ":"
-        
+            dirname: if True, template output will be sanitized to produce valid directory name
+            strip: if True, strips leading/trailing white space from resulting template
+
        Returns:
            ([rendered_strings], [unmatched]): tuple of list of rendered strings and list of unmatched template values
        """
-        template = PhotoTemplate(self)
+        template = PhotoTemplate(self, exiftool_path=self._db._exiftool_path)
        return template.render(
            template_str,
            none_str=none_str,
@@ -861,7 +861,7 @@ class PhotoInfo:
            inplace_sep=inplace_sep,
            filename=filename,
            dirname=dirname,
-            replacement=replacement,
+            strip=strip,
        )

    @property
@@ -875,11 +875,11 @@ class PhotoInfo:
        return self._info["latitude"]

    def _get_album_uuids(self):
-        """ Return list of album UUIDs this photo is found in
-        
+        """Return list of album UUIDs this photo is found in
+
            Filters out albums in the trash and any special album types

-        Returns: list of album UUIDs 
+        Returns: list of album UUIDs
        """
        if self._db._db_version <= _PHOTOS_4_VERSION:
            version4 = True
--- a/osxphotos/photosdb/photosdb.py
+++ b/osxphotos/photosdb/photosdb.py
@@ -70,12 +70,13 @@ class PhotosDB:
    from ._photosdb_process_scoreinfo import _process_scoreinfo
    from ._photosdb_process_comments import _process_comments

-    def __init__(self, dbfile=None, verbose=None):
+    def __init__(self, dbfile=None, verbose=None, exiftool=None):
        """ Create a new PhotosDB object.

        Args:
            dbfile: specify full path to photos library or photos.db; if None, will attempt to locate last library opened by Photos.
            verbose: optional callable function to use for printing verbose text during processing; if None (default), does not print output.
+            exiftool: optional path to exiftool for methods that require this (e.g. PhotoInfo.exiftool); if not provided, will search PATH
        
        Raises:
            FileNotFoundError if dbfile is not a valid Photos library.
@@ -98,6 +99,8 @@ class PhotosDB:
            raise TypeError("verbose must be callable")
        self._verbose = verbose

+        self._exiftool_path = exiftool
+
        # create a temporary directory
        # tempfile.TemporaryDirectory gets cleaned up when the object does
        self._tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
--- a/osxphotos/phototemplate.py
+++ b/osxphotos/phototemplate.py
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 # 2. Needed to handle default values if template not found
 # 3. Didn't want user to need to know python (e.g. by using Mako which is
 #    already used elsewhere in this project)
-# 4. Couldn't figure out how to do #1 and #2 with str.format()
 #
-# This code isn't elegant but it seems to work well.  PRs gladly accepted.
+# This code isn't elegant and is prime for refactoring but it seems to work well.  PRs gladly accepted.
+
 import datetime
 import locale
 import os
@@ -70,18 +70,18 @@ TEMPLATE_SUBSTITUTIONS = {
    + "{created.strftime,%Y-%U} would result in year-week number of year: '2020-23'. "
    + "If used with no template will return null value. "
    + "See https://strftime.org/ for help on strftime templates.",
-    "{modified.date}": "Photo's modification date in ISO format, e.g. '2020-03-22'",
-    "{modified.year}": "4-digit year of photo modification time",
-    "{modified.yy}": "2-digit year of photo modification time",
-    "{modified.mm}": "2-digit month of the photo modification time (zero padded)",
-    "{modified.month}": "Month name in user's locale of the photo modification time",
-    "{modified.mon}": "Month abbreviation in the user's locale of the photo modification time",
-    "{modified.dd}": "2-digit day of the month (zero padded) of the photo modification time",
-    "{modified.dow}": "Day of week in user's locale of the photo modification time",
-    "{modified.doy}": "3-digit day of year (e.g Julian day) of photo modification time, starting from 1 (zero padded)",
-    "{modified.hour}": "2-digit hour of the photo modification time",
-    "{modified.min}": "2-digit minute of the photo modification time",
-    "{modified.sec}": "2-digit second of the photo modification time",
+    "{modified.date}": "Photo's modification date in ISO format, e.g. '2020-03-22'; uses creation date if photo is not modified",
+    "{modified.year}": "4-digit year of photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified",
+    "{modified.yy}": "2-digit year of photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified",
+    "{modified.mm}": "2-digit month of the photo modification time (zero padded); uses creation date if photo is not modified",
+    "{modified.month}": "Month name in user's locale of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified",
+    "{modified.mon}": "Month abbreviation in the user's locale of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified",
+    "{modified.dd}": "2-digit day of the month (zero padded) of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified",
+    "{modified.dow}": "Day of week in user's locale of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified",
+    "{modified.doy}": "3-digit day of year (e.g Julian day) of photo modification time, starting from 1 (zero padded); uses creation date if photo is not modified",
+    "{modified.hour}": "2-digit hour of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified",
+    "{modified.min}": "2-digit minute of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified",
+    "{modified.sec}": "2-digit second of the photo modification time; uses creation date if photo is not modified",
    # "{modified.strftime}": "Apply strftime template to file modification date/time. Should be used in form "
    # + "{modified.strftime,TEMPLATE} where TEMPLATE is a valid strftime template, e.g. "
    # + "{modified.strftime,%Y-%U} would result in year-week number of year: '2020-23'. "
@@ -117,6 +117,11 @@ TEMPLATE_SUBSTITUTIONS = {
    "{place.address.postal_code}": "Postal code part of the postal address, e.g. '20009'",
    "{place.address.country}": "Country name of the postal address, e.g. 'United States'",
    "{place.address.country_code}": "ISO country code of the postal address, e.g. 'US'",
+    "{searchinfo.season}": "Season of the year associated with a photo, e.g. 'Summer'; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically by Photos' image categorization algorithms).",
+    "{exif.camera_make}": "Camera make from original photo's EXIF inormation as imported by Photos, e.g. 'Apple'",
+    "{exif.camera_model}": "Camera model from original photo's EXIF inormation as imported by Photos, e.g. 'iPhone 6s'",
+    "{exif.lens_model}": "Lens model from original photo's EXIF inormation as imported by Photos, e.g. 'iPhone 6s back camera 4.15mm f/2.2'",
+    "{uuid}": "Photo's internal universally unique identifier (UUID) for the photo, a 36-character string unique to the photo, e.g. '128FB4C6-0B16-4E7D-9108-FB2E90DA1546'",
 }

 # Permitted multi-value substitutions (each of these returns None or 1 or more values)
@@ -125,13 +130,17 @@ TEMPLATE_SUBSTITUTIONS_MULTI_VALUED = {
    "{folder_album}": "Folder path + album photo is contained in. e.g. 'Folder/Subfolder/Album' or just 'Album' if no enclosing folder",
    "{keyword}": "Keyword(s) assigned to photo",
    "{person}": "Person(s) / face(s) in a photo",
-    "{label}": "Image categorization label associated with a photo (Photos 5 only)",
-    "{label_normalized}": "All lower case version of 'label' (Photos 5 only)",
-    "{comment}": "Comment(s) on shared Photos; format is 'Person name: comment text' (Photos 5 only)",
+    "{label}": "Image categorization label associated with a photo (Photos 5+ only)",
+    "{label_normalized}": "All lower case version of 'label' (Photos 5+ only)",
+    "{comment}": "Comment(s) on shared Photos; format is 'Person name: comment text' (Photos 5+ only)",
    "{exiftool:GROUP:TAGNAME}": "Use exiftool (https://exiftool.org) to extract metadata, in form GROUP:TAGNAME, from image.  "
    "E.g. '{exiftool:EXIF:Make}' to get camera make, or {exiftool:IPTC:Keywords} to extract keywords. "
    "See https://exiftool.org/TagNames/ for list of valid tag names.  You must specify group (e.g. EXIF, IPTC, etc) "
    "as used in `exiftool -G`. exiftool must be installed in the path to use this template.",
+    "{searchinfo.holiday}": "Holiday names associated with a photo, e.g. 'Christmas Day'; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically by Photos' image categorization algorithms).",
+    "{searchinfo.activity}": "Activities associated with a photo, e.g. 'Sporting Event'; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically by Photos' image categorization algorithms).",
+    "{searchinfo.venue}": "Venues associated with a photo, e.g. name of restaurant; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically by Photos' image categorization algorithms).",
+    "{searchinfo.venue_type}": "Venue types associated with a photo, e.g. 'Restaurant'; (Photos 5+ only, applied automatically by Photos' image categorization algorithms).",
 }

 # Just the multi-valued substitution names without the braces
@@ -140,25 +149,48 @@ MULTI_VALUE_SUBSTITUTIONS = [
    for field in TEMPLATE_SUBSTITUTIONS_MULTI_VALUED
 ]

+# regular expressions for matching template syntax
+RE_OPENING_BRACE = r"(?<!\{)\{"  # match { but not {{
+RE_DELIM = r"([^}]*\+)?"  # group 1: optional DELIM+
+RE_FIELD_NAME = r"([^\\,}+\?]+)"  # group 2: field name
+RE_PATH_SEP = r"(\([^{}\)]*\))?"  # group 3: optional (PATH_SEP)
+# + r"(\[[^{}\)]*\])?"  # group 4: optional [REPLACE]
+RE_REPLACE = r"(\[[^{}]*\])?"  # group 4: optional [REPLACE]
+RE_BOOL_VAL = r"(\?[^\\,}]*)?"  # group 5: optional ?TRUE_VALUE for boolean fields
+RE_DEFAULT_VAL = r"(,[\w\=\;\-\%. ]*)?"  # group 6: optional ,DEFAULT
+RE_CLOSING_BRACE = r"(?=\}(?!\}))\}"  # match } but not }}
+
+MATCH_GROUPS_TOTAL = 6
+MATCH_GROUPS_DELIM = 1
+MATCH_GROUPS_FIELD = 2
+MATCH_GROUPS_PATH_SEP = 3
+MATCH_GROUPS_REPLACE = 4
+MATCH_GROUPS_BOOL_VAL = 5
+MATCH_GROUPS_DEFAULT = 6
+
+# default values for string manipulation template options
+INPLACE_DEFAULT = ","
+PATH_SEP_DEFAULT = os.path.sep
+

 class PhotoTemplate:
    """ PhotoTemplate class to render a template string from a PhotoInfo object """

-    def __init__(self, photo):
-        """ Inits PhotoTemplate class with photo, non_str, and path_sep
+    def __init__(self, photo, exiftool_path=None):
+        """ Inits PhotoTemplate class with photo

        Args:
            photo: a PhotoInfo instance.
+            exiftool_path: optional path to exiftool for use with {exiftool:} template; if not provided, will look for exiftool in $PATH
        """
        self.photo = photo
+        self.exiftool_path = exiftool_path

        # holds value of current date/time for {today.x} fields
        # gets initialized in get_template_value
        self.today = None

-    def make_subst_function(
-        self, none_str, filename, dirname, replacement, get_func=None
-    ):
+    def make_subst_function(self, none_str, filename, dirname, get_func=None):
        """ returns: substitution function for use in re.sub 
            none_str: value to use if substitution lookup is None and no default provided
            get_func: function that gets the substitution value for a given template field
@@ -167,37 +199,39 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
        if get_func is None:
            # used by make_subst_function to get the value for a template substitution
            get_func = partial(
-                self.get_template_value,
-                filename=filename,
-                dirname=dirname,
-                replacement=replacement,
+                self.get_template_value, filename=filename, dirname=dirname
            )

        # closure to capture photo, none_str, filename, dirname in subst
        def subst(matchobj):
            groups = len(matchobj.groups())
-            if groups != 5:
+            if groups != MATCH_GROUPS_TOTAL:
                raise ValueError(
-                    f"Unexpected number of groups: expected 4, got {groups}"
+                    f"Unexpected number of groups: expected {MATCH_GROUPS_TOTAL}, got {groups}"
                )

-            delim = matchobj.group(1)
-            field = matchobj.group(2)
-            path_sep = matchobj.group(3)
-            bool_val = matchobj.group(4)
-            default = matchobj.group(5)
+            delim = matchobj.group(MATCH_GROUPS_DELIM)
+            field = matchobj.group(MATCH_GROUPS_FIELD)
+            path_sep = matchobj.group(MATCH_GROUPS_PATH_SEP)
+            replace = matchobj.group(MATCH_GROUPS_REPLACE)
+            bool_val = matchobj.group(MATCH_GROUPS_BOOL_VAL)
+            default = matchobj.group(MATCH_GROUPS_DEFAULT)

            # drop the '+' on delim
            delim = delim[:-1] if delim is not None else None
            # drop () from path_sep
            path_sep = path_sep.strip("()") if path_sep is not None else None
+            # drop [] from replace
+            replace = replace[1:-1] if replace is not None else None
            # drop the ? on bool_val
            bool_val = bool_val[1:] if bool_val is not None else None
            # drop the comma on default
            default_val = default[1:] if default is not None else None

            try:
-                val = get_func(field, default_val, bool_val, delim, path_sep)
+                val = get_func(
+                    field, default_val, bool_val, delim, path_sep, replacement=replace
+                )
            except ValueError:
                return matchobj.group(0)

@@ -221,7 +255,7 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
        inplace_sep=None,
        filename=False,
        dirname=False,
-        replacement=":",
+        strip=False,
    ):
        """ Render a filename or directory template 

@@ -235,17 +269,17 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
            with expand_inplace; default is ','
            filename: if True, template output will be sanitized to produce valid file name
            dirname: if True, template output will be sanitized to produce valid directory name 
-            replacement: str, value to replace any illegal file path characters with; default = ":"
+            strip: if True, strips leading/trailing whitespace from rendered templates

        Returns:
            ([rendered_strings], [unmatched]): tuple of list of rendered strings and list of unmatched template values
        """

        if path_sep is None:
-            path_sep = os.path.sep
+            path_sep = PATH_SEP_DEFAULT

        if inplace_sep is None:
-            inplace_sep = ","
+            inplace_sep = INPLACE_DEFAULT

        # the rendering happens in two phases:
        # phase 1: handle all the single-value template substitutions
@@ -258,19 +292,20 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
        # regex to find {template_field,optional_default} in strings
        # pylint: disable=anomalous-backslash-in-string
        regex = (
-            r"(?<!\{)\{"  # match { but not {{
-            + r"([^}]*\+)?"  # group 1: optional DELIM+
-            + r"([^\\,}+\?]+)"  # group 2: field name
-            + r"(\([^{}\)]*\))?"  # group 3: optional (PATH_SEP)
-            + r"(\?[^\\,}]*)?"  # group 4: optional ?TRUE_VALUE for boolean fields
-            + r"(,[\w\=\;\-\%. ]*)?"  # group 5: optional ,DEFAULT
-            + r"(?=\}(?!\}))\}"  # match } but not }}
+            RE_OPENING_BRACE
+            + RE_DELIM
+            + RE_FIELD_NAME
+            + RE_PATH_SEP
+            + RE_REPLACE
+            + RE_BOOL_VAL
+            + RE_DEFAULT_VAL
+            + RE_CLOSING_BRACE
        )

        if type(template) is not str:
            raise TypeError(f"template must be type str, not {type(template)}")

-        subst_func = self.make_subst_function(none_str, filename, dirname, replacement)
+        subst_func = self.make_subst_function(none_str, filename, dirname)

        # do the replacements
        rendered = re.sub(regex, subst_func, template)
@@ -299,14 +334,7 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
        #    '2011/Album2/keyword2/person1',]

        rendered_strings = self._render_multi_valued_templates(
-            rendered,
-            none_str,
-            path_sep,
-            expand_inplace,
-            inplace_sep,
-            filename,
-            dirname,
-            replacement,
+            rendered, none_str, path_sep, expand_inplace, inplace_sep, filename, dirname
        )

        # process exiftool: templates
@@ -318,7 +346,6 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
            inplace_sep,
            filename,
            dirname,
-            replacement,
        )

        # find any {fields} that weren't replaced
@@ -343,6 +370,11 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
                sanitize_filename(rendered_str) for rendered_str in rendered_strings
            ]

+        if strip:
+            rendered_strings = [
+                rendered_str.strip() for rendered_str in rendered_strings
+            ]
+
        return rendered_strings, unmatched

    def _render_multi_valued_templates(
@@ -354,7 +386,6 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
        inplace_sep,
        filename,
        dirname,
-        replacement,
    ):
        rendered_strings = [rendered]
        new_rendered_strings = []
@@ -363,15 +394,16 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
            for field in MULTI_VALUE_SUBSTITUTIONS:
                # Build a regex that matches only the field being processed
                re_str = (
-                    r"(?<!\{)\{"  # match { but not {{
-                    + r"([^}]*\+)?"  # group 1: optional DELIM+
+                    RE_OPENING_BRACE
+                    + RE_DELIM
                    + r"("
                    + field  # group 2: field name
                    + r")"
-                    + r"(\([^{}\)]*\))?"  # group 3: optional (PATH_SEP)
-                    + r"(\?[^\\,}]*)?"  # group 4: optional ?TRUE_VALUE for boolean fields
-                    + r"(,[\w\=\;\-\%. ]*)?"  # group 5: optional ,DEFAULT
-                    + r"(?=\}(?!\}))\}"  # match } but not }}
+                    + RE_PATH_SEP
+                    + RE_REPLACE
+                    + RE_BOOL_VAL
+                    + RE_DEFAULT_VAL
+                    + RE_CLOSING_BRACE
                )
                regex_multi = re.compile(re_str)

@@ -382,21 +414,29 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
                    matches = regex_multi.search(str_template)
                    if matches:
                        path_sep = (
-                            matches.group(3).strip("()")
-                            if matches.group(3) is not None
+                            matches.group(MATCH_GROUPS_PATH_SEP).strip("()")
+                            if matches.group(MATCH_GROUPS_PATH_SEP) is not None
                            else path_sep
                        )
+                        replace = (
+                            matches.group(MATCH_GROUPS_REPLACE)[1:-1]
+                            if matches.group(MATCH_GROUPS_REPLACE) is not None
+                            else None
+                        )
                        values = self.get_template_value_multi(
                            field,
                            path_sep,
                            filename=filename,
                            dirname=dirname,
-                            replacement=replacement,
+                            replacement=replace,
                        )
-                        if expand_inplace or matches.group(1) is not None:
+                        if (
+                            expand_inplace
+                            or matches.group(MATCH_GROUPS_DELIM) is not None
+                        ):
                            delim = (
-                                matches.group(1)[:-1]
-                                if matches.group(1) is not None
+                                matches.group(MATCH_GROUPS_DELIM)[:-1]
+                                if matches.group(MATCH_GROUPS_DELIM) is not None
                                else inplace_sep
                            )
                            # instead of returning multiple strings, join values into a single string
@@ -406,7 +446,9 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
                                else None
                            )

-                            def lookup_template_value_multi(lookup_value, *_):
+                            def lookup_template_value_multi(
+                                lookup_value, *args, **kwargs
+                            ):
                                """ Closure passed to make_subst_function get_func 
                                        Capture val and field in the closure 
                                        Allows make_subst_function to be re-used w/o modification
@@ -422,7 +464,6 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
                                none_str,
                                filename,
                                dirname,
-                                replacement,
                                get_func=lookup_template_value_multi,
                            )
                            new_string = regex_multi.sub(subst, str_template)
@@ -433,7 +474,9 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
                            # create a new template string for each value
                            for val in values:

-                                def lookup_template_value_multi(lookup_value, *_):
+                                def lookup_template_value_multi(
+                                    lookup_value, *args, **kwargs
+                                ):
                                    """ Closure passed to make_subst_function get_func 
                                        Capture val and field in the closure 
                                        Allows make_subst_function to be re-used w/o modification
@@ -449,7 +492,6 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
                                    none_str,
                                    filename,
                                    dirname,
-                                    replacement,
                                    get_func=lookup_template_value_multi,
                                )
                                new_string = regex_multi.sub(subst, str_template)
@@ -468,7 +510,6 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
        inplace_sep,
        filename,
        dirname,
-        replacement,
    ):
        # TODO: lots of code commonality with render_multi_valued_templates -- combine or pull out
        # TODO: put these in globals
@@ -479,15 +520,15 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
            inplace_sep = ","

        # Build a regex that matches only the field being processed
-        # todo: pull out regexes into globals?
        re_str = (
-            r"(?<!\{)\{"  # match { but not {{
-            + r"([^}]*\+)?"  # group 1: optional DELIM+
-            + r"(exiftool:[^\\,}+\?]+)"  # group 3 field name
-            + r"(\([^{}\)]*\))?"  # group 3: optional (PATH_SEP)
-            + r"(\?[^\\,}]*)?"  # group 4: optional ?TRUE_VALUE for boolean fields
-            + r"(,[\w\=\;\-\%. ]*)?"  # group 5: optional ,DEFAULT
-            + r"(?=\}(?!\}))\}"  # match } but not }}
+            RE_OPENING_BRACE
+            + RE_DELIM
+            + r"(exiftool:[^\\,}+\?\[\]]+)"  # group 3 field name
+            + RE_PATH_SEP
+            + RE_REPLACE
+            + RE_BOOL_VAL
+            + RE_DEFAULT_VAL
+            + RE_CLOSING_BRACE
        )
        regex_multi = re.compile(re_str)

@@ -502,17 +543,21 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
                    # allmatches = regex_multi.finditer(str_template)
                    # for matches in allmatches:
                    path_sep = (
-                        matches.group(3).strip("()")
-                        if matches.group(3) is not None
+                        matches.group(MATCH_GROUPS_PATH_SEP).strip("()")
+                        if matches.group(MATCH_GROUPS_PATH_SEP) is not None
                        else path_sep
                    )
-                    field = matches.group(2)
+                    replace = (
+                        matches.group(MATCH_GROUPS_REPLACE)[1:-1]
+                        if matches.group(MATCH_GROUPS_REPLACE) is not None
+                        else None
+                    )
+                    field = matches.group(MATCH_GROUPS_FIELD)
                    subfield = field[9:]
-
                    if not self.photo.path:
                        values = [None]
                    else:
-                        exif = ExifTool(self.photo.path)
+                        exif = ExifTool(self.photo.path, exiftool=self.exiftool_path)
                        exifdict = exif.asdict()
                        exifdict = {k.lower(): v for (k, v) in exifdict.items()}
                        subfield = subfield.lower()
@@ -521,12 +566,24 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
                            values = (
                                [values] if not isinstance(values, list) else values
                            )
+                            if replace and values:
+                                new_values = []
+                                for value in values:
+                                    new_values.append(self.replace(value, replace))
+                                values = new_values
+
+                            # sanitize directory names if needed
+                            if filename:
+                                values = [sanitize_pathpart(value) for value in values]
+                            elif dirname:
+                                values = [sanitize_dirname(value) for value in values]
+
                        else:
                            values = [None]
-                    if expand_inplace or matches.group(1) is not None:
+                    if expand_inplace or matches.group(MATCH_GROUPS_DELIM) is not None:
                        delim = (
-                            matches.group(1)[:-1]
-                            if matches.group(1) is not None
+                            matches.group(MATCH_GROUPS_DELIM)[:-1]
+                            if matches.group(MATCH_GROUPS_DELIM) is not None
                            else inplace_sep
                        )
                        # instead of returning multiple strings, join values into a single string
@@ -534,7 +591,7 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
                            delim.join(sorted(values)) if values and values[0] else None
                        )

-                        def lookup_template_value_exif(lookup_value, *_):
+                        def lookup_template_value_exif(lookup_value, *args, **kwargs):
                            """ Closure passed to make_subst_function get_func 
                                    Capture val and field in the closure 
                                    Allows make_subst_function to be re-used w/o modification
@@ -548,7 +605,6 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
                            none_str,
                            filename,
                            dirname,
-                            replacement,
                            get_func=lookup_template_value_exif,
                        )
                        new_string = regex_multi.sub(subst, str_template)
@@ -558,7 +614,9 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
                        # create a new template string for each value
                        for val in values:

-                            def lookup_template_value_exif(lookup_value, *_):
+                            def lookup_template_value_exif(
+                                lookup_value, *args, **kwargs
+                            ):
                                """ Closure passed to make_subst_function get_func 
                                    Capture val and field in the closure 
                                    Allows make_subst_function to be re-used w/o modification
@@ -574,7 +632,6 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
                                none_str,
                                filename,
                                dirname,
-                                replacement,
                                get_func=lookup_template_value_exif,
                            )
                            new_string = regex_multi.sub(subst, str_template)
@@ -592,7 +649,7 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
        path_sep=None,
        filename=False,
        dirname=False,
-        replacement=":",
+        replacement=None,
    ):
        """lookup value for template field (single-value template substitutions)

@@ -672,73 +729,73 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
            value = (
                DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date_modified).date
                if self.photo.date_modified
-                else None
+                else DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date).date
            )
        elif field == "modified.year":
            value = (
                DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date_modified).year
                if self.photo.date_modified
-                else None
+                else DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date).year
            )
        elif field == "modified.yy":
            value = (
                DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date_modified).yy
                if self.photo.date_modified
-                else None
+                else DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date).yy
            )
        elif field == "modified.mm":
            value = (
                DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date_modified).mm
                if self.photo.date_modified
-                else None
+                else DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date).mm
            )
        elif field == "modified.month":
            value = (
                DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date_modified).month
                if self.photo.date_modified
-                else None
+                else DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date).month
            )
        elif field == "modified.mon":
            value = (
                DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date_modified).mon
                if self.photo.date_modified
-                else None
+                else DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date).mon
            )
        elif field == "modified.dd":
            value = (
                DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date_modified).dd
                if self.photo.date_modified
-                else None
+                else DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date).dd
            )
        elif field == "modified.dow":
            value = (
                DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date_modified).dow
                if self.photo.date_modified
-                else None
+                else DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date).dow
            )
        elif field == "modified.doy":
            value = (
                DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date_modified).doy
                if self.photo.date_modified
-                else None
+                else DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date).doy
            )
        elif field == "modified.hour":
            value = (
                DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date_modified).hour
                if self.photo.date_modified
-                else None
+                else DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date).hour
            )
        elif field == "modified.min":
            value = (
                DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date_modified).min
                if self.photo.date_modified
-                else None
+                else DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date).min
            )
        elif field == "modified.sec":
            value = (
                DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date_modified).sec
                if self.photo.date_modified
-                else None
+                else DateTimeFormatter(self.photo.date).sec
            )
        elif field == "today.date":
            value = DateTimeFormatter(self.today).date
@@ -842,18 +899,58 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
                if self.photo.place and self.photo.place.address.iso_country_code
                else None
            )
+        elif field == "searchinfo.season":
+            value = self.photo.search_info.season if self.photo.search_info else None
+        elif field == "exif.camera_make":
+            value = self.photo.exif_info.camera_make if self.photo.exif_info else None
+        elif field == "exif.camera_model":
+            value = self.photo.exif_info.camera_model if self.photo.exif_info else None
+        elif field == "exif.lens_model":
+            value = self.photo.exif_info.lens_model if self.photo.exif_info else None
+        elif field == "uuid":
+            value = self.photo.uuid
        else:
            # if here, didn't get a match
            raise ValueError(f"Unhandled template value: {field}")

+        if value and replacement:
+            value = self.replace(value, replacement)
+            # process character replacements
+
        if filename:
-            value = sanitize_pathpart(value, replacement=replacement)
+            value = sanitize_pathpart(value)
        elif dirname:
-            value = sanitize_dirname(value, replacement=replacement)
+            value = sanitize_dirname(value)
+
+        return value
+
+    def replace(self, value, replacement):
+        """ process REPLACE template option
+
+        Args:
+            value: str value to process
+            replacement: str in form OLD,NEW|OLD,NEW... with old and new values for replacement
+        
+        Returns:
+            value with all replacements done
+        
+        Raises:
+            ValueError if replacement string is in wrong format
+        """
+        if not value:
+            return value
+
+        replacements = replacement.split("|")
+        for r in replacements:
+            try:
+                old, new = r.split(",")
+            except ValueError:
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid template REPLACE value: {replacement}")
+            value = value.replace(old, new)
        return value

    def get_template_value_multi(
-        self, field, path_sep, filename=False, dirname=False, replacement=":"
+        self, field, path_sep, filename=False, dirname=False, replacement=None
    ):
        """lookup value for template field (multi-value template substitutions)

@@ -892,12 +989,9 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
                    if dirname:
                        # being used as a filepath so sanitize each part
                        folder = path_sep.join(
-                            sanitize_dirname(f, replacement=replacement)
-                            for f in album.folder_names
-                        )
-                        folder += path_sep + sanitize_dirname(
-                            album.title, replacement=replacement
+                            sanitize_dirname(f) for f in album.folder_names
                        )
+                        folder += path_sep + sanitize_dirname(album.title)
                    else:
                        folder = path_sep.join(album.folder_names)
                        folder += path_sep + album.title
@@ -905,28 +999,41 @@ class PhotoTemplate:
                else:
                    # album not in folder
                    if dirname:
-                        values.append(
-                            sanitize_dirname(album.title, replacement=replacement)
-                        )
+                        values.append(sanitize_dirname(album.title))
                    else:
                        values.append(album.title)
        elif field == "comment":
            values = [
                f"{comment.user}: {comment.text}" for comment in self.photo.comments
            ]
+        elif field == "searchinfo.holiday":
+            values = self.photo.search_info.holidays if self.photo.search_info else []
+        elif field == "searchinfo.activity":
+            values = self.photo.search_info.activities if self.photo.search_info else []
+        elif field == "searchinfo.venue":
+            values = self.photo.search_info.venues if self.photo.search_info else []
+        elif field == "searchinfo.venue_type":
+            values = (
+                self.photo.search_info.venue_types if self.photo.search_info else []
+            )
        elif not field.startswith("exiftool:"):
+            # exiftool: templates handled by _render_exiftool_template
            raise ValueError(f"Unhandled template value: {field}")

+        # do any replacements needs
+        if replacement:
+            new_values = []
+            for value in values:
+                # process replacements
+                new_values.append(self.replace(value, replacement))
+            values = new_values
+
        # sanitize directory names if needed, folder_album handled differently above
        if filename:
-            values = [
-                sanitize_pathpart(value, replacement=replacement) for value in values
-            ]
+            values = [sanitize_pathpart(value) for value in values]
        elif dirname and field != "folder_album":
            # skip folder_album because it would have been handled above
-            values = [
-                sanitize_dirname(value, replacement=replacement) for value in values
-            ]
+            values = [sanitize_dirname(value) for value in values]

        # If no values, insert None so code below will substite none_str for None
        values = values or [None]
--- a/osxphotos/templates/xmp_sidecar.mako
+++ b/osxphotos/templates/xmp_sidecar.mako
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@

 <%def name="dc_subject(subject)">
    % if subject:
-        <!-- keywords and persons listed in <dc:subject> as Photos does -->
        <dc:subject>
            <rdf:Seq>
            % for subj in subject:
--- a/requirements.txt
+++ b/requirements.txt
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ mccabe==0.6.1
 modulegraph==0.18
 more-itertools==7.2.0
 multidict==4.7.6
+osxmetadata>=0.99.11
 packaging==19.0
 parso==0.6.2
 pathspec==0.7.0
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ with open(os.path.join(this_directory, "README.md"), encoding="utf-8") as f:
 setup(
    name="osxphotos",
    version=about["__version__"],
-    description="Manipulate (read-only) Apple's Photos app library on Mac OS X",
+    description="Export photos from Apple's macOS Photos app and query the Photos library database to access metadata about images.",
    long_description=about["long_description"],
    long_description_content_type="text/markdown",
    author="Rhet Turnbull",
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ setup(
        "wurlitzer>=2.0.1",
        "photoscript>=0.1.0",
        "toml>=0.10.0",
+        "osxmetadata>=0.99.13",
    ],
    entry_points={"console_scripts": ["osxphotos=osxphotos.__main__:cli"]},
    include_package_data=True,
--- a/tests/Test-10.15.7.photoslibrary/originals/1/1EB2B765-0765-43BA-A90C-0D0580E6172C.jpeg
+++ b/tests/Test-10.15.7.photoslibrary/originals/1/1EB2B765-0765-43BA-A90C-0D0580E6172C.jpeg
--- a/tests/Test-10.15.7.photoslibrary/originals/D/D79B8D77-BFFC-460B-9312-034F2877D35B.jpeg
+++ b/tests/Test-10.15.7.photoslibrary/originals/D/D79B8D77-BFFC-460B-9312-034F2877D35B.jpeg
--- a/tests/search_info_test_data_10_15_7.json
+++ b/tests/search_info_test_data_10_15_7.json
--- a/tests/test_cli.py
+++ b/tests/test_cli.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-""" Test the command line interface (CLI) """
+r""" Test the command line interface (CLI) """

 import os

@@ -306,6 +306,11 @@ CLI_EXPORT_BY_DATE_NEED_TOUCH_TIMES = [1538165227, 1539436692]
 CLI_EXPORT_BY_DATE = ["2018/09/28/Pumpkins3.jpg", "2018/09/28/Pumkins1.jpg"]

 CLI_EXPORT_SIDECAR_FILENAMES = ["Pumkins2.jpg", "Pumkins2.jpg.json", "Pumkins2.jpg.xmp"]
+CLI_EXPORT_SIDECAR_DROP_EXT_FILENAMES = [
+    "Pumkins2.jpg",
+    "Pumkins2.json",
+    "Pumkins2.xmp",
+]

 CLI_EXPORT_LIVE = [
    "51F2BEF7-431A-4D31-8AC1-3284A57826AE.jpeg",
@@ -352,9 +357,10 @@ CLI_EXIFTOOL = {
        "XMP:TagsList": "Kids",
        "XMP:Title": "I found one!",
        "EXIF:ImageDescription": "Girl holding pumpkin",
+        "EXIF:Make": "Canon",
        "XMP:Description": "Girl holding pumpkin",
        "XMP:PersonInImage": "Katie",
-        "XMP:Subject": ["Kids", "Katie"],
+        "XMP:Subject": "Kids",
        "EXIF:GPSLatitudeRef": "N",
        "EXIF:GPSLongitudeRef": "W",
        "EXIF:GPSLatitude": 41.256566,
@@ -362,6 +368,29 @@ CLI_EXIFTOOL = {
    }
 }

+CLI_EXIFTOOL_MERGE = {
+    "1EB2B765-0765-43BA-A90C-0D0580E6172C": {
+        "File:FileName": "Pumpkins3.jpg",
+        "IPTC:Keywords": "Kids",
+        "XMP:TagsList": "Kids",
+        "EXIF:ImageDescription": "Kids in pumpkin field",
+        "XMP:Description": "Kids in pumpkin field",
+        "XMP:PersonInImage": ["Katie", "Suzy", "Tim"],
+        "XMP:Subject": "Kids",
+    },
+    "D79B8D77-BFFC-460B-9312-034F2877D35B": {
+        "File:FileName": "Pumkins2.jpg",
+        "XMP:Title": "I found one!",
+        "EXIF:ImageDescription": "Girl holding pumpkin",
+        "XMP:Description": "Girl holding pumpkin",
+        "XMP:PersonInImage": "Katie",
+        "IPTC:Keywords": ["Kids", "keyword1", "keyword2", "subject1", "tagslist1"],
+        "XMP:TagsList": ["Kids", "keyword1", "keyword2", "subject1", "tagslist1"],
+        "XMP:Subject": ["Kids", "keyword1", "keyword2", "subject1", "tagslist1"],
+    },
+}
+
+
 CLI_EXIFTOOL_QUICKTIME = {
    "35329C57-B963-48D6-BB75-6AFF9370CBBC": {
        "File:FileName": "Jellyfish.MOV",
@@ -395,7 +424,7 @@ CLI_EXIFTOOL_IGNORE_DATE_MODIFIED = {
        "XMP:TagsList": "wedding",
        "IPTC:Keywords": "wedding",
        "XMP:PersonInImage": "Maria",
-        "XMP:Subject": ["wedding", "Maria"],
+        "XMP:Subject": "wedding",
        "EXIF:DateTimeOriginal": "2019:04:15 14:40:24",
        "EXIF:CreateDate": "2019:04:15 14:40:24",
        "EXIF:OffsetTimeOriginal": "-04:00",
@@ -411,6 +440,19 @@ CLI_EXIFTOOL_DUPLICATE_KEYWORDS = {
    "E9BC5C36-7CD1-40A1-A72B-8B8FAC227D51": "wedding.jpg"
 }

+CLI_FINDER_TAGS = {
+    "D79B8D77-BFFC-460B-9312-034F2877D35B": {
+        "File:FileName": "Pumkins2.jpg",
+        "IPTC:Keywords": "Kids",
+        "XMP:TagsList": "Kids",
+        "XMP:Title": "I found one!",
+        "EXIF:ImageDescription": "Girl holding pumpkin",
+        "XMP:Description": "Girl holding pumpkin",
+        "XMP:PersonInImage": "Katie",
+        "XMP:Subject": "Kids",
+    }
+}
+
 LABELS_JSON = {
    "labels": {
        "Plant": 7,
@@ -1027,6 +1069,100 @@ def test_export_exiftool():
                    assert exif[key] == CLI_EXIFTOOL[uuid][key]


+@pytest.mark.skipif(exiftool is None, reason="exiftool not installed")
+def test_export_exiftool_path():
+    """ test --exiftool with --exiftool-path """
+    import glob
+    import os
+    import os.path
+    import shutil
+    import tempfile
+    from osxphotos.__main__ import export
+    from osxphotos.exiftool import ExifTool, get_exiftool_path
+
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    cwd = os.getcwd()
+    # pylint: disable=not-context-manager
+    with runner.isolated_filesystem():
+        tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        exiftool_source = get_exiftool_path()
+        exiftool_path = os.path.join(tempdir.name, "myexiftool")
+        shutil.copy2(exiftool_source, exiftool_path)
+        for uuid in CLI_EXIFTOOL:
+            result = runner.invoke(
+                export,
+                [
+                    os.path.join(cwd, PHOTOS_DB_15_6),
+                    ".",
+                    "-V",
+                    "--exiftool",
+                    "--uuid",
+                    f"{uuid}",
+                    "--exiftool-path",
+                    exiftool_path,
+                ],
+            )
+            assert result.exit_code == 0
+            assert f"exiftool path: {exiftool_path}" in result.output
+            files = glob.glob("*")
+            assert sorted(files) == sorted([CLI_EXIFTOOL[uuid]["File:FileName"]])
+
+            exif = ExifTool(CLI_EXIFTOOL[uuid]["File:FileName"]).asdict()
+            for key in CLI_EXIFTOOL[uuid]:
+                if type(exif[key]) == list:
+                    assert sorted(exif[key]) == sorted(CLI_EXIFTOOL[uuid][key])
+                else:
+                    assert exif[key] == CLI_EXIFTOOL[uuid][key]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(exiftool is None, reason="exiftool not installed")
+def test_export_exiftool_path_render_template():
+    """ test --exiftool-path with {exiftool:} template rendering """
+    import glob
+    import os
+    import os.path
+    import re
+    import shutil
+    import sys
+    import tempfile
+    from osxphotos.__main__ import export
+    from osxphotos.exiftool import ExifTool
+    from osxphotos.utils import noop
+
+    exiftool_source = osxphotos.exiftool.get_exiftool_path()
+
+    # monkey patch get_exiftool_path so it returns None
+    get_exiftool_path = osxphotos.exiftool.get_exiftool_path
+    osxphotos.exiftool.get_exiftool_path = noop
+
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    cwd = os.getcwd()
+    # pylint: disable=not-context-manager
+    with runner.isolated_filesystem():
+        tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory()
+        exiftool_path = os.path.join(tempdir.name, "myexiftool")
+        shutil.copy2(exiftool_source, exiftool_path)
+        for uuid in CLI_EXIFTOOL:
+            result = runner.invoke(
+                export,
+                [
+                    os.path.join(cwd, PHOTOS_DB_15_6),
+                    ".",
+                    "-V",
+                    "--filename",
+                    "{original_name}_{exiftool:EXIF:Make}",
+                    "--uuid",
+                    f"{uuid}",
+                    "--exiftool-path",
+                    exiftool_path,
+                ],
+            )
+            assert result.exit_code == 0
+            assert re.search(r"Exporting.*Canon", result.output)
+
+    osxphotos.exiftool.get_exiftool_path = get_exiftool_path
+
+
@pytest.mark.skipif(exiftool is None, reason="exiftool not installed")
 def test_export_exiftool_ignore_date_modified():
    import glob
@@ -1211,6 +1347,96 @@ def test_export_exiftool_option():
        assert "exiftool warning" not in result.output


+@pytest.mark.skipif(exiftool is None, reason="exiftool not installed")
+def test_export_exiftool_merge():
+    """ test --exiftool-merge-keywords and --exiftool-merge-persons """
+    import glob
+    import os
+    import os.path
+    from osxphotos.__main__ import export
+    from osxphotos.exiftool import ExifTool
+
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    cwd = os.getcwd()
+    # pylint: disable=not-context-manager
+    with runner.isolated_filesystem():
+        for uuid in CLI_EXIFTOOL_MERGE:
+            result = runner.invoke(
+                export,
+                [
+                    os.path.join(cwd, PHOTOS_DB_15_7),
+                    ".",
+                    "-V",
+                    "--exiftool",
+                    "--uuid",
+                    f"{uuid}",
+                    "--exiftool-merge-keywords",
+                    "--exiftool-merge-persons",
+                ],
+            )
+            assert result.exit_code == 0
+            files = glob.glob("*")
+            assert CLI_EXIFTOOL_MERGE[uuid]["File:FileName"] in files
+
+            exif = ExifTool(CLI_EXIFTOOL_MERGE[uuid]["File:FileName"]).asdict()
+            for key in CLI_EXIFTOOL_MERGE[uuid]:
+                if type(exif[key]) == list:
+                    assert sorted(exif[key]) == sorted(CLI_EXIFTOOL_MERGE[uuid][key])
+                else:
+                    assert exif[key] == CLI_EXIFTOOL_MERGE[uuid][key]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(exiftool is None, reason="exiftool not installed")
+def test_export_exiftool_merge_sidecar():
+    """ test --exiftool-merge-keywords and --exiftool-merge-persons with --sidecar """
+    import glob
+    import json
+    import os
+    import os.path
+    from osxphotos.__main__ import export
+    from osxphotos.exiftool import ExifTool
+
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    cwd = os.getcwd()
+    # pylint: disable=not-context-manager
+    with runner.isolated_filesystem():
+        for uuid in CLI_EXIFTOOL_MERGE:
+            result = runner.invoke(
+                export,
+                [
+                    os.path.join(cwd, PHOTOS_DB_15_7),
+                    ".",
+                    "-V",
+                    "--sidecar",
+                    "json",
+                    "--uuid",
+                    f"{uuid}",
+                    "--exiftool-merge-keywords",
+                    "--exiftool-merge-persons",
+                ],
+            )
+            assert result.exit_code == 0
+            files = glob.glob("*")
+            json_file = f"{CLI_EXIFTOOL_MERGE[uuid]['File:FileName']}.json"
+            assert json_file in files
+
+            with open(json_file, "r") as fp:
+                exif = json.load(fp)[0]
+
+            for key in CLI_EXIFTOOL_MERGE[uuid]:
+                if key == "File:FileName":
+                    continue
+                if type(exif[key]) == list:
+                    expected = (
+                        CLI_EXIFTOOL_MERGE[uuid][key]
+                        if type(CLI_EXIFTOOL_MERGE[uuid][key]) == list
+                        else [CLI_EXIFTOOL_MERGE[uuid][key]]
+                    )
+                    assert sorted(exif[key]) == sorted(expected)
+                else:
+                    assert exif[key] == CLI_EXIFTOOL_MERGE[uuid][key]
+
+
 def test_export_edited_suffix():
    """ test export with --edited-suffix """
    import glob
@@ -1974,6 +2200,7 @@ def test_query_deleted_4():


 def test_export_sidecar():
+    """ test --sidecar """
    import glob
    import os
    import os.path
@@ -2003,6 +2230,70 @@ def test_export_sidecar():
        assert sorted(files) == sorted(CLI_EXPORT_SIDECAR_FILENAMES)


+def test_export_sidecar_drop_ext():
+    """ test --sidecar with --sidecar-drop-ext option """
+    import glob
+    import os
+    import os.path
+    import osxphotos
+
+    from osxphotos.__main__ import cli
+
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    cwd = os.getcwd()
+    # pylint: disable=not-context-manager
+    with runner.isolated_filesystem():
+        result = runner.invoke(
+            cli,
+            [
+                "export",
+                "--db",
+                os.path.join(cwd, CLI_PHOTOS_DB),
+                ".",
+                "--sidecar=json",
+                "--sidecar=xmp",
+                "--sidecar-drop-ext",
+                f"--uuid={CLI_EXPORT_UUID}",
+                "-V",
+            ],
+        )
+        assert result.exit_code == 0
+        files = glob.glob("*.*")
+        assert sorted(files) == sorted(CLI_EXPORT_SIDECAR_DROP_EXT_FILENAMES)
+
+
+def test_export_sidecar_exiftool():
+    """ test --sidecar exiftool """
+    import glob
+    import os
+    import os.path
+    import osxphotos
+
+    from osxphotos.__main__ import cli
+
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    cwd = os.getcwd()
+    # pylint: disable=not-context-manager
+    with runner.isolated_filesystem():
+        result = runner.invoke(
+            cli,
+            [
+                "export",
+                "--db",
+                os.path.join(cwd, CLI_PHOTOS_DB),
+                ".",
+                "--sidecar=exiftool",
+                "--sidecar=xmp",
+                f"--uuid={CLI_EXPORT_UUID}",
+                "-V",
+            ],
+        )
+        assert result.exit_code == 0
+        assert "Writing exiftool sidecar" in result.output
+        files = glob.glob("*.*")
+        assert sorted(files) == sorted(CLI_EXPORT_SIDECAR_FILENAMES)
+
+
 def test_export_sidecar_templates():
    import json
    import os
@@ -2036,11 +2327,54 @@ def test_export_sidecar_templates():
        with open(CLI_TEMPLATE_SIDECAR_FILENAME, "r") as jsonfile:
            exifdata = json.load(jsonfile)
        assert (
-            exifdata[0]["XMP:Description"][0]
+            exifdata[0]["XMP:Description"]
            == "Girls with pumpkins Katie, Suzy Kids Pumpkin Farm, Test Album"
        )
        assert (
-            exifdata[0]["EXIF:ImageDescription"][0]
+            exifdata[0]["EXIF:ImageDescription"]
+            == "Girls with pumpkins Katie, Suzy Kids Pumpkin Farm, Test Album"
+        )
+
+
+def test_export_sidecar_templates_exiftool():
+    """ test --sidecar exiftool with templates """
+    import json
+    import os
+    import os.path
+    import osxphotos
+
+    from osxphotos.__main__ import cli
+
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    cwd = os.getcwd()
+    # pylint: disable=not-context-manager
+    with runner.isolated_filesystem():
+        result = runner.invoke(
+            cli,
+            [
+                "export",
+                "--db",
+                os.path.join(cwd, PHOTOS_DB_15_5),
+                ".",
+                "--sidecar=exiftool",
+                f"--uuid={CLI_UUID_DICT_15_5['template']}",
+                "-V",
+                "--keyword-template",
+                "{person}",
+                "--description-template",
+                "{descr} {person} {keyword} {album}",
+            ],
+        )
+        assert result.exit_code == 0
+        assert os.path.isfile(CLI_TEMPLATE_SIDECAR_FILENAME)
+        with open(CLI_TEMPLATE_SIDECAR_FILENAME, "r") as jsonfile:
+            exifdata = json.load(jsonfile)
+        assert (
+            exifdata[0]["Description"]
+            == "Girls with pumpkins Katie, Suzy Kids Pumpkin Farm, Test Album"
+        )
+        assert (
+            exifdata[0]["ImageDescription"]
            == "Girls with pumpkins Katie, Suzy Kids Pumpkin Farm, Test Album"
        )

@@ -2075,7 +2409,7 @@ def test_export_sidecar_update():
        )
        assert result.exit_code == 0
        assert "Writing XMP sidecar" in result.output
-        assert "Writing exiftool JSON sidecar" in result.output
+        assert "Writing JSON sidecar" in result.output

        # delete a sidecar file and run update
        fileutil = FileUtil()
@@ -2097,7 +2431,7 @@ def test_export_sidecar_update():
        )
        assert result.exit_code == 0
        assert "Skipped up to date XMP sidecar" in result.output
-        assert "Writing exiftool JSON sidecar" in result.output
+        assert "Writing JSON sidecar" in result.output

        # run update again, no sidecar files should update
        result = runner.invoke(
@@ -2116,7 +2450,7 @@ def test_export_sidecar_update():
        )
        assert result.exit_code == 0
        assert "Skipped up to date XMP sidecar" in result.output
-        assert "Skipped up to date exiftool JSON sidecar" in result.output
+        assert "Skipped up to date JSON sidecar" in result.output

        # touch a file and export again
        ts = datetime.datetime.now().timestamp() + 1000
@@ -2138,7 +2472,7 @@ def test_export_sidecar_update():
        )
        assert result.exit_code == 0
        assert "Writing XMP sidecar" in result.output
-        assert "Skipped up to date exiftool JSON sidecar" in result.output
+        assert "Skipped up to date JSON sidecar" in result.output

        # run update again, no sidecar files should update
        result = runner.invoke(
@@ -2157,7 +2491,7 @@ def test_export_sidecar_update():
        )
        assert result.exit_code == 0
        assert "Skipped up to date XMP sidecar" in result.output
-        assert "Skipped up to date exiftool JSON sidecar" in result.output
+        assert "Skipped up to date JSON sidecar" in result.output

        # run update again with updated metadata, forcing update
        result = runner.invoke(
@@ -2178,7 +2512,34 @@ def test_export_sidecar_update():
        )
        assert result.exit_code == 0
        assert "Writing XMP sidecar" in result.output
-        assert "Writing exiftool JSON sidecar" in result.output
+        assert "Writing JSON sidecar" in result.output
+
+
+def test_export_sidecar_invalid():
+    """ test invalid combination of sidecars """
+    import os
+
+    from osxphotos.__main__ import cli
+
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    cwd = os.getcwd()
+    # pylint: disable=not-context-manager
+    with runner.isolated_filesystem():
+        result = runner.invoke(
+            cli,
+            [
+                "export",
+                "--db",
+                os.path.join(cwd, CLI_PHOTOS_DB),
+                ".",
+                "--sidecar=json",
+                "--sidecar=exiftool",
+                f"--uuid={CLI_EXPORT_UUID}",
+                "-V",
+            ],
+        )
+        assert result.exit_code != 0
+        assert "Cannot use --sidecar json with --sidecar exiftool" in result.output


 def test_export_live():
@@ -2519,7 +2880,6 @@ def test_export_filename_template_1():
            ],
        )
        assert result.exit_code == 0
-        workdir = os.getcwd()
        files = glob.glob("*.*")
        assert sorted(files) == sorted(CLI_EXPORTED_FILENAME_TEMPLATE_FILENAMES1)

@@ -2554,6 +2914,37 @@ def test_export_filename_template_2():
        assert sorted(files) == sorted(CLI_EXPORTED_FILENAME_TEMPLATE_FILENAMES2)


+def test_export_filename_template_strip():
+    """ export photos using filename template with --strip """
+    import glob
+    import locale
+    import os
+    import os.path
+    import osxphotos
+    from osxphotos.__main__ import export
+
+    locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, "en_US")
+
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    cwd = os.getcwd()
+    # pylint: disable=not-context-manager
+    with runner.isolated_filesystem():
+        result = runner.invoke(
+            export,
+            [
+                os.path.join(cwd, CLI_PHOTOS_DB),
+                ".",
+                "-V",
+                "--filename",
+                "{searchinfo.venue,} {created.year}-{original_name}",
+                "--strip",
+            ],
+        )
+        assert result.exit_code == 0
+        files = glob.glob("*.*")
+        assert sorted(files) == sorted(CLI_EXPORTED_FILENAME_TEMPLATE_FILENAMES1)
+
+
 def test_export_filename_template_pathsep_in_name_1():
    """ export photos using filename template with folder_album and "/" in album name """
    import locale
@@ -3129,13 +3520,16 @@ def test_export_sidecar_keyword_template():

        json_expected = json.loads(
            """
-            [{"EXIF:ImageDescription": "Girl holding pumpkin", 
+            [{"SourceFile": "Pumkins2.jpg",
+            "ExifTool:ExifToolVersion": "12.00",
+            "File:FileName": "Pumkins2.jpg",
+            "EXIF:ImageDescription": "Girl holding pumpkin", 
            "XMP:Description": "Girl holding pumpkin", 
-            "XMP:Title": "I found one!", 
+            "XMP:Title": "I found one!",
            "XMP:TagsList": ["Kids", "Multi Keyword", "Pumpkin Farm", "Test Album"], 
            "IPTC:Keywords": ["Kids", "Multi Keyword", "Pumpkin Farm", "Test Album"], 
            "XMP:PersonInImage": ["Katie"], 
-            "XMP:Subject": ["Kids", "Katie"], 
+            "XMP:Subject": ["Kids", "Multi Keyword", "Pumpkin Farm", "Test Album"], 
            "EXIF:DateTimeOriginal": "2018:09:28 16:07:07", 
            "EXIF:CreateDate": "2018:09:28 16:07:07", 
            "EXIF:OffsetTimeOriginal": "-04:00", 
@@ -4442,7 +4836,7 @@ def test_save_load_config():
            ],
        )
        assert result.exit_code == 0
-        assert "Writing exiftool JSON sidecar" in result.output
+        assert "Writing JSON sidecar" in result.output
        assert "Writing XMP sidecar" not in result.output


@@ -4512,3 +4906,335 @@ def test_export_exportdb():
            "Error: --exportdb must be specified as filename not path" in result.output
        )

+
+def test_export_finder_tag_keywords():
+    """ test --finder-tag-keywords """
+    import glob
+    import os
+    import os.path
+
+    from osxmetadata import OSXMetaData, Tag
+    from osxphotos.__main__ import export
+
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    cwd = os.getcwd()
+    # pylint: disable=not-context-manager
+    with runner.isolated_filesystem():
+        for uuid in CLI_FINDER_TAGS:
+            result = runner.invoke(
+                export,
+                [
+                    os.path.join(cwd, PHOTOS_DB_15_7),
+                    ".",
+                    "-V",
+                    "--finder-tag-keywords",
+                    "--uuid",
+                    f"{uuid}",
+                ],
+            )
+            assert result.exit_code == 0
+
+            md = OSXMetaData(CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["File:FileName"])
+            keywords = CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["IPTC:Keywords"]
+            keywords = [keywords] if type(keywords) != list else keywords
+            expected = [Tag(x) for x in keywords]
+            assert sorted(md.tags) == sorted(expected)
+
+            # run again with --update, should skip writing extended attributes
+            result = runner.invoke(
+                export,
+                [
+                    os.path.join(cwd, PHOTOS_DB_15_7),
+                    ".",
+                    "-V",
+                    "--finder-tag-keywords",
+                    "--uuid",
+                    f"{uuid}",
+                    "--update",
+                ],
+            )
+            assert result.exit_code == 0
+            assert "Skipping Finder tags" in result.output
+
+            md = OSXMetaData(CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["File:FileName"])
+            keywords = CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["IPTC:Keywords"]
+            keywords = [keywords] if type(keywords) != list else keywords
+            expected = [Tag(x) for x in keywords]
+            assert sorted(md.tags) == sorted(expected)
+
+            # clear tags and run again, should update extended attributes
+            md.tags = None
+
+            result = runner.invoke(
+                export,
+                [
+                    os.path.join(cwd, PHOTOS_DB_15_7),
+                    ".",
+                    "-V",
+                    "--finder-tag-keywords",
+                    "--uuid",
+                    f"{uuid}",
+                    "--update",
+                ],
+            )
+            assert result.exit_code == 0
+            assert "Writing Finder tags" in result.output
+
+            md = OSXMetaData(CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["File:FileName"])
+            keywords = CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["IPTC:Keywords"]
+            keywords = [keywords] if type(keywords) != list else keywords
+            expected = [Tag(x) for x in keywords]
+            assert sorted(md.tags) == sorted(expected)
+
+
+def test_export_finder_tag_template():
+    """ test --finder-tag-template """
+    import glob
+    import os
+    import os.path
+
+    from osxmetadata import OSXMetaData, Tag
+    from osxphotos.__main__ import export
+
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    cwd = os.getcwd()
+    # pylint: disable=not-context-manager
+    with runner.isolated_filesystem():
+        for uuid in CLI_FINDER_TAGS:
+            result = runner.invoke(
+                export,
+                [
+                    os.path.join(cwd, PHOTOS_DB_15_7),
+                    ".",
+                    "-V",
+                    "--finder-tag-template",
+                    "{person}",
+                    "--uuid",
+                    f"{uuid}",
+                ],
+            )
+            assert result.exit_code == 0
+
+            md = OSXMetaData(CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["File:FileName"])
+            keywords = CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["XMP:PersonInImage"]
+            keywords = [keywords] if type(keywords) != list else keywords
+            expected = [Tag(x) for x in keywords]
+            assert sorted(md.tags) == sorted(expected)
+
+            # run again with --update, should skip writing extended attributes
+            result = runner.invoke(
+                export,
+                [
+                    os.path.join(cwd, PHOTOS_DB_15_7),
+                    ".",
+                    "-V",
+                    "--finder-tag-template",
+                    "{person}",
+                    "--uuid",
+                    f"{uuid}",
+                    "--update",
+                ],
+            )
+            assert result.exit_code == 0
+            assert "Skipping Finder tags" in result.output
+
+            md = OSXMetaData(CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["File:FileName"])
+            keywords = CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["XMP:PersonInImage"]
+            keywords = [keywords] if type(keywords) != list else keywords
+            expected = [Tag(x) for x in keywords]
+            assert sorted(md.tags) == sorted(expected)
+
+            # clear tags and run again, should update extended attributes
+            md.tags = None
+
+            result = runner.invoke(
+                export,
+                [
+                    os.path.join(cwd, PHOTOS_DB_15_7),
+                    ".",
+                    "-V",
+                    "--finder-tag-template",
+                    "{person}",
+                    "--uuid",
+                    f"{uuid}",
+                    "--update",
+                ],
+            )
+            assert result.exit_code == 0
+            assert "Writing Finder tags" in result.output
+
+            md = OSXMetaData(CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["File:FileName"])
+            keywords = CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["XMP:PersonInImage"]
+            keywords = [keywords] if type(keywords) != list else keywords
+            expected = [Tag(x) for x in keywords]
+            assert sorted(md.tags) == sorted(expected)
+
+
+def test_export_finder_tag_template_multiple():
+    """ test --finder-tag-template used more than once """
+    import glob
+    import os
+    import os.path
+
+    from osxmetadata import OSXMetaData, Tag
+    from osxphotos.__main__ import export
+
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    cwd = os.getcwd()
+    # pylint: disable=not-context-manager
+    with runner.isolated_filesystem():
+        for uuid in CLI_FINDER_TAGS:
+            result = runner.invoke(
+                export,
+                [
+                    os.path.join(cwd, PHOTOS_DB_15_7),
+                    ".",
+                    "-V",
+                    "--finder-tag-template",
+                    "{keyword}",
+                    "--finder-tag-template",
+                    "{person}",
+                    "--uuid",
+                    f"{uuid}",
+                ],
+            )
+            assert result.exit_code == 0
+
+            md = OSXMetaData(CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["File:FileName"])
+            keywords = CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["IPTC:Keywords"]
+            keywords = [keywords] if type(keywords) != list else keywords
+            persons = CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["XMP:PersonInImage"]
+            persons = [persons] if type(persons) != list else persons
+            expected = [Tag(x) for x in keywords + persons]
+            assert sorted(md.tags) == sorted(expected)
+
+
+def test_export_finder_tag_template_keywords():
+    """ test --finder-tag-template with --finder-tag-keywords """
+    import glob
+    import os
+    import os.path
+
+    from osxmetadata import OSXMetaData, Tag
+    from osxphotos.__main__ import export
+
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    cwd = os.getcwd()
+    # pylint: disable=not-context-manager
+    with runner.isolated_filesystem():
+        for uuid in CLI_FINDER_TAGS:
+            result = runner.invoke(
+                export,
+                [
+                    os.path.join(cwd, PHOTOS_DB_15_7),
+                    ".",
+                    "-V",
+                    "--finder-tag-keywords",
+                    "--finder-tag-template",
+                    "{person}",
+                    "--uuid",
+                    f"{uuid}",
+                ],
+            )
+            assert result.exit_code == 0
+
+            md = OSXMetaData(CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["File:FileName"])
+            keywords = CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["IPTC:Keywords"]
+            keywords = [keywords] if type(keywords) != list else keywords
+            persons = CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["XMP:PersonInImage"]
+            persons = [persons] if type(persons) != list else persons
+            expected = [Tag(x) for x in keywords + persons]
+            assert sorted(md.tags) == sorted(expected)
+
+
+def test_export_xattr_template():
+    """ test --xattr template """
+    import glob
+    import os
+    import os.path
+
+    from osxmetadata import OSXMetaData
+    from osxphotos.__main__ import export
+
+    runner = CliRunner()
+    cwd = os.getcwd()
+    # pylint: disable=not-context-manager
+    with runner.isolated_filesystem():
+        for uuid in CLI_FINDER_TAGS:
+            result = runner.invoke(
+                export,
+                [
+                    os.path.join(cwd, PHOTOS_DB_15_7),
+                    ".",
+                    "-V",
+                    "--xattr-template",
+                    "keywords",
+                    "{person}",
+                    "--xattr-template",
+                    "comment",
+                    "{title}",
+                    "--uuid",
+                    f"{uuid}",
+                ],
+            )
+            assert result.exit_code == 0
+
+            md = OSXMetaData(CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["File:FileName"])
+            expected = CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["XMP:PersonInImage"]
+            expected = [expected] if type(expected) != list else expected
+            assert sorted(md.keywords) == sorted(expected)
+            assert md.comment == CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["XMP:Title"]
+
+            # run again with --update, should skip writing extended attributes
+            result = runner.invoke(
+                export,
+                [
+                    os.path.join(cwd, PHOTOS_DB_15_7),
+                    ".",
+                    "-V",
+                    "--xattr-template",
+                    "keywords",
+                    "{person}",
+                    "--xattr-template",
+                    "comment",
+                    "{title}",
+                    "--uuid",
+                    f"{uuid}",
+                    "--update",
+                ],
+            )
+            assert result.exit_code == 0
+            assert "Skipping extended attribute keywords" in result.output
+            assert "Skipping extended attribute comment" in result.output
+
+            # clear tags and run again, should update extended attributes
+            md.keywords = None
+            md.comment = None
+
+            result = runner.invoke(
+                export,
+                [
+                    os.path.join(cwd, PHOTOS_DB_15_7),
+                    ".",
+                    "-V",
+                    "--xattr-template",
+                    "keywords",
+                    "{person}",
+                    "--xattr-template",
+                    "comment",
+                    "{title}",
+                    "--uuid",
+                    f"{uuid}",
+                    "--update",
+                ],
+            )
+            assert result.exit_code == 0
+            assert "Writing extended attribute keyword" in result.output
+            assert "Writing extended attribute comment" in result.output
+
+            md = OSXMetaData(CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["File:FileName"])
+            expected = CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["XMP:PersonInImage"]
+            expected = [expected] if type(expected) != list else expected
+            assert sorted(md.keywords) == sorted(expected)
+            assert md.comment == CLI_FINDER_TAGS[uuid]["XMP:Title"]
+
--- a/tests/test_exiftool.py
+++ b/tests/test_exiftool.py
@@ -57,6 +57,36 @@ EXIF_UUID = {
        "IPTC:DateCreated": "2019:04:15",
    },
 }
+EXIF_UUID_NO_GROUPS = {
+    "6191423D-8DB8-4D4C-92BE-9BBBA308AAC4": {
+        "DateTimeOriginal": "2019:07:04 16:24:01",
+        "LensModel": "XF18-55mmF2.8-4 R LM OIS",
+        "Keywords": [
+            "Digital Nomad",
+            "Indoor",
+            "Reiseblogger",
+            "Stock Photography",
+            "Top Shot",
+            "close up",
+            "colorful",
+            "design",
+            "display",
+            "fake",
+            "flower",
+            "outdoor",
+            "photography",
+            "plastic",
+            "stock photo",
+            "vibrant",
+        ],
+        "DocumentNotes": "https://flickr.com/e/l7FkSm4f2lQkSV3CG6xlv8Sde5uF3gVu4Hf0Qk11AnU%3D",
+    },
+    "E9BC5C36-7CD1-40A1-A72B-8B8FAC227D51": {
+        "Make": "NIKON CORPORATION",
+        "Model": "NIKON D810",
+        "DateCreated": "2019:04:15",
+    },
+}
 EXIF_UUID_NONE = ["A1DD1F98-2ECD-431F-9AC9-5AFEFE2D3A5C"]

 try:
@@ -319,6 +349,14 @@ def test_as_dict():
    assert exifdata["XMP:TagsList"] == "wedding"


+def test_as_dict_no_tag_groups():
+    import osxphotos.exiftool
+
+    exif1 = osxphotos.exiftool.ExifTool(TEST_FILE_ONE_KEYWORD)
+    exifdata = exif1.asdict(tag_groups=False)
+    assert exifdata["TagsList"] == "wedding"
+
+
 def test_json():
    import osxphotos.exiftool
    import json
@@ -349,6 +387,19 @@ def test_photoinfo_exiftool():
            assert exif_dict[key] == val


+def test_photoinfo_exiftool_no_groups():
+    """ test PhotoInfo.exiftool which returns ExifTool object for photo without tag group names"""
+    import osxphotos
+
+    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
+    for uuid in EXIF_UUID_NO_GROUPS:
+        photo = photosdb.photos(uuid=[uuid])[0]
+        exiftool = photo.exiftool
+        exif_dict = exiftool.asdict(tag_groups=False)
+        for key, val in EXIF_UUID_NO_GROUPS[uuid].items():
+            assert exif_dict[key] == val
+
+
 def test_photoinfo_exiftool_none():
    import osxphotos

--- a/tests/test_export_catalina_10_15_7.py
+++ b/tests/test_export_catalina_10_15_7.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import pytest

+import osxphotos
 from osxphotos._constants import _UNKNOWN_PERSON
 from osxphotos.exiftool import get_exiftool_path
 from osxphotos.utils import dd_to_dms_str
@@ -12,6 +13,12 @@ except:

 PHOTOS_DB = "./tests/Test-10.15.7.photoslibrary/database/photos.db"

+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+def photosdb():
+    return osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
+
+
 KEYWORDS = [
    "Kids",
    "wedding",
@@ -22,7 +29,7 @@ KEYWORDS = [
    "St. James's Park",
    "UK",
    "United Kingdom",
-    "Maria"
+    "Maria",
 ]
 # Photos 5 includes blank person for detected face
 PERSONS = ["Katie", "Suzy", "Maria", _UNKNOWN_PERSON]
@@ -84,6 +91,21 @@ EXIF_JSON_EXPECTED = """
    "EXIF:ModifyDate": "2019:07:27 17:33:28"}]
    """

+EXIFTOOL_SIDECAR_EXPECTED = """ 
+    [{"ImageDescription": "Bride Wedding day", 
+    "Description": "Bride Wedding day", 
+    "TagsList": ["Maria", "wedding"], 
+    "Keywords": ["Maria", "wedding"], 
+    "PersonInImage": ["Maria"], 
+    "Subject": ["wedding", "Maria"], 
+    "DateTimeOriginal": "2019:04:15 14:40:24", 
+    "CreateDate": "2019:04:15 14:40:24", 
+    "OffsetTimeOriginal": "-04:00", 
+    "DateCreated": "2019:04:15", 
+    "TimeCreated": "14:40:24-04:00", 
+    "ModifyDate": "2019:07:27 17:33:28"}]
+    """
+
 EXIF_JSON_EXPECTED_IGNORE_DATE_MODIFIED = """ 
    [{"EXIF:ImageDescription": "Bride Wedding day", 
    "XMP:Description": "Bride Wedding day", 
@@ -100,18 +122,15 @@ EXIF_JSON_EXPECTED_IGNORE_DATE_MODIFIED = """
    """


-def test_export_1():
+def test_export_1(photosdb):
    # test basic export
    # get an unedited image and export it using default filename
    import os
    import os.path
    import tempfile

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["export"]])

    filename = photos[0].filename
@@ -122,18 +141,15 @@ def test_export_1():
    assert os.path.isfile(got_dest)


-def test_export_2():
+def test_export_2(photosdb):
    # test export with user provided filename
    import os
    import os.path
    import tempfile
    import time

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["export"]])

    timestamp = time.time()
@@ -145,18 +161,15 @@ def test_export_2():
    assert os.path.isfile(got_dest)


-def test_export_3():
+def test_export_3(photosdb):
    # test file already exists and test increment=True (default)
    import os
    import os.path
    import pathlib
    import tempfile

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["export"]])

    filename = photos[0].filename
@@ -172,7 +185,7 @@ def test_export_3():
    assert os.path.isfile(got_dest_2)


-def test_export_4():
+def test_export_4(photosdb):
    # test user supplied file already exists and test increment=True (default)
    import os
    import os.path
@@ -180,11 +193,8 @@ def test_export_4():
    import tempfile
    import time

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["export"]])

    timestamp = time.time()
@@ -200,18 +210,15 @@ def test_export_4():
    assert os.path.isfile(got_dest_2)


-def test_export_5():
+def test_export_5(photosdb):
    # test file already exists and test increment=True (default)
    # and overwrite = True
    import os
    import os.path
    import tempfile

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["export"]])

    filename = photos[0].filename
@@ -225,7 +232,7 @@ def test_export_5():
    assert os.path.isfile(got_dest_2)


-def test_export_6():
+def test_export_6(photosdb):
    # test user supplied file already exists and test increment=True (default)
    # and overwrite = True
    import os
@@ -234,11 +241,8 @@ def test_export_6():
    import tempfile
    import time

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["export"]])

    timestamp = time.time()
@@ -253,18 +257,15 @@ def test_export_6():
    assert os.path.isfile(got_dest_2)


-def test_export_7():
+def test_export_7(photosdb):
    # test file already exists and test increment=False (not default), overwrite=False (default)
    # should raise exception
    import os
    import os.path
    import tempfile

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["export"]])

    filename = photos[0].filename
@@ -277,18 +278,15 @@ def test_export_7():
    assert e.type == type(FileExistsError())


-def test_export_8():
+def test_export_8(photosdb):
    # try to export missing file
    # should raise exception
    import os
    import os.path
    import tempfile

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["missing"]])

    filename = photos[0].filename
@@ -299,18 +297,15 @@ def test_export_8():
    assert e.type == type(FileNotFoundError())


-def test_export_9():
+def test_export_9(photosdb):
    # try to export edited file that's not edited
    # should raise exception
    import os
    import os.path
    import tempfile

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["no_adjustments"]])

    with pytest.raises(Exception) as e:
@@ -318,7 +313,7 @@ def test_export_9():
    assert e.type == ValueError


-def test_export_10():
+def test_export_10(photosdb):
    # try to export edited file that's not edited and name provided
    # should raise exception
    import os
@@ -326,11 +321,8 @@ def test_export_10():
    import tempfile
    import time

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["no_adjustments"]])

    timestamp = time.time()
@@ -342,18 +334,15 @@ def test_export_10():
    assert e.type == ValueError


-def test_export_11():
+def test_export_11(photosdb):
    # export edited file with name provided
    import os
    import os.path
    import tempfile
    import time

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["has_adjustments"]])

    timestamp = time.time()
@@ -364,18 +353,15 @@ def test_export_11():
    assert got_dest == expected_dest


-def test_export_12():
+def test_export_12(photosdb):
    # export edited file with default name
    import os
    import os.path
    import pathlib
    import tempfile

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["has_adjustments"]])

    edited_name = pathlib.Path(photos[0].path_edited).name
@@ -387,15 +373,13 @@ def test_export_12():
    assert got_dest == expected_dest


-def test_export_13():
+def test_export_13(photosdb):
    # export to invalid destination
    # should raise exception
    import os
    import os.path
    import tempfile

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name

@@ -405,7 +389,6 @@ def test_export_13():
        dest = os.path.join(dest, str(i))
        i += 1

-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["export"]])

    filename = photos[0].filename
@@ -417,7 +400,6 @@ def test_export_13():


 def test_dd_to_dms_str_1():
-    import osxphotos

    lat_str, lon_str = dd_to_dms_str(
        34.559331096, 69.206499174
@@ -428,7 +410,6 @@ def test_dd_to_dms_str_1():


 def test_dd_to_dms_str_2():
-    import osxphotos

    lat_str, lon_str = dd_to_dms_str(
        -34.601997592, -58.375665164
@@ -439,7 +420,6 @@ def test_dd_to_dms_str_2():


 def test_dd_to_dms_str_3():
-    import osxphotos

    lat_str, lon_str = dd_to_dms_str(
        -1.2666656, 36.7999968
@@ -450,7 +430,6 @@ def test_dd_to_dms_str_3():


 def test_dd_to_dms_str_4():
-    import osxphotos

    lat_str, lon_str = dd_to_dms_str(
        38.889248, -77.050636
@@ -460,11 +439,9 @@ def test_dd_to_dms_str_4():
    assert lon_str == "77 deg 3' 2.29\" W"


-def test_exiftool_json_sidecar():
-    import osxphotos
+def test_exiftool_json_sidecar(photosdb):
    import json

-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[EXIF_JSON_UUID])

    json_expected = json.loads(EXIF_JSON_EXPECTED)[0]
@@ -486,11 +463,9 @@ def test_exiftool_json_sidecar():
            assert json_got[k] == v


-def test_exiftool_json_sidecar_ignore_date_modified():
-    import osxphotos
+def test_exiftool_json_sidecar_ignore_date_modified(photosdb):
    import json

-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[EXIF_JSON_UUID])

    json_expected = json.loads(EXIF_JSON_EXPECTED_IGNORE_DATE_MODIFIED)[0]
@@ -512,12 +487,10 @@ def test_exiftool_json_sidecar_ignore_date_modified():
            assert json_got[k] == v


-def test_exiftool_json_sidecar_keyword_template_long(caplog):
-    import osxphotos
+def test_exiftool_json_sidecar_keyword_template_long(caplog, photosdb):
    from osxphotos._constants import _MAX_IPTC_KEYWORD_LEN
    import json

-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[EXIF_JSON_UUID])

    json_expected = json.loads(
@@ -526,8 +499,8 @@ def test_exiftool_json_sidecar_keyword_template_long(caplog):
        "XMP:Description": "Bride Wedding day", 
        "XMP:TagsList": ["Maria", "wedding", "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"], 
        "IPTC:Keywords": ["Maria", "wedding", "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"], 
+        "XMP:Subject": ["Maria", "wedding", "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"], 
        "XMP:PersonInImage": ["Maria"], 
-        "XMP:Subject": ["wedding", "Maria"], 
        "EXIF:DateTimeOriginal": "2019:04:15 14:40:24", 
        "EXIF:CreateDate": "2019:04:15 14:40:24", 
        "EXIF:OffsetTimeOriginal": "-04:00", 
@@ -562,11 +535,9 @@ def test_exiftool_json_sidecar_keyword_template_long(caplog):
            assert json_got[k] == v


-def test_exiftool_json_sidecar_keyword_template():
-    import osxphotos
+def test_exiftool_json_sidecar_keyword_template(photosdb):
    import json

-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[EXIF_JSON_UUID])

    json_expected = json.loads(
@@ -575,8 +546,8 @@ def test_exiftool_json_sidecar_keyword_template():
        "XMP:Description": "Bride Wedding day", 
        "XMP:TagsList": ["Maria", "wedding", "Folder1/SubFolder2/AlbumInFolder", "I have a deleted twin"], 
        "IPTC:Keywords": ["Maria", "wedding", "Folder1/SubFolder2/AlbumInFolder", "I have a deleted twin"], 
+        "XMP:Subject": ["Maria", "wedding", "Folder1/SubFolder2/AlbumInFolder", "I have a deleted twin"], 
        "XMP:PersonInImage": ["Maria"], 
-        "XMP:Subject": ["wedding", "Maria"],
        "EXIF:DateTimeOriginal": "2019:04:15 14:40:24", 
        "EXIF:CreateDate": "2019:04:15 14:40:24", 
        "EXIF:OffsetTimeOriginal": "-04:00", 
@@ -622,11 +593,9 @@ def test_exiftool_json_sidecar_keyword_template():
            assert json_got[k] == v


-def test_exiftool_json_sidecar_use_persons_keyword():
-    import osxphotos
+def test_exiftool_json_sidecar_use_persons_keyword(photosdb):
    import json

-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["xmp"]])

    json_expected = json.loads(
@@ -664,11 +633,9 @@ def test_exiftool_json_sidecar_use_persons_keyword():
            assert json_got[k] == v


-def test_exiftool_json_sidecar_use_albums_keyword():
-    import osxphotos
+def test_exiftool_json_sidecar_use_albums_keyword(photosdb):
    import json

-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["xmp"]])

    json_expected = json.loads(
@@ -679,7 +646,7 @@ def test_exiftool_json_sidecar_use_albums_keyword():
        "XMP:TagsList": ["Kids", "Pumpkin Farm", "Test Album"], 
        "IPTC:Keywords": ["Kids", "Pumpkin Farm", "Test Album"], 
        "XMP:PersonInImage": ["Suzy", "Katie"], 
-        "XMP:Subject": ["Kids", "Suzy", "Katie"], 
+        "XMP:Subject": ["Kids", "Pumpkin Farm", "Test Album"], 
        "EXIF:DateTimeOriginal": "2018:09:28 15:35:49", 
        "EXIF:CreateDate": "2018:09:28 15:35:49", 
        "EXIF:OffsetTimeOriginal": "-04:00", 
@@ -706,13 +673,35 @@ def test_exiftool_json_sidecar_use_albums_keyword():
            assert json_got[k] == v


+def test_exiftool_sidecar(photosdb):
+    import json
+
+    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[EXIF_JSON_UUID])
+
+    json_expected = json.loads(EXIFTOOL_SIDECAR_EXPECTED)[0]
+
+    json_got = photos[0]._exiftool_json_sidecar(tag_groups=False)
+    json_got = json.loads(json_got)[0]
+
+    # some gymnastics to account for different sort order in different pythons
+    for k, v in json_got.items():
+        if type(v) in (list, tuple):
+            assert sorted(json_expected[k]) == sorted(v)
+        else:
+            assert json_expected[k] == v
+
+    for k, v in json_expected.items():
+        if type(v) in (list, tuple):
+            assert sorted(json_got[k]) == sorted(v)
+        else:
+            assert json_got[k] == v
+
+
@pytest.mark.skipif(exiftool is None, reason="exiftool not installed")
-def test_xmp_sidecar_is_valid(tmp_path):
+def test_xmp_sidecar_is_valid(tmp_path, photosdb):
    """ validate XMP sidecar file with exiftool """
-    import osxphotos
    from osxphotos.exiftool import ExifTool

-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["xmp"]])
    photos[0].export(str(tmp_path), XMP_JPG_FILENAME, sidecar_xmp=True)
    xmp_file = tmp_path / XMP_FILENAME
@@ -722,10 +711,8 @@ def test_xmp_sidecar_is_valid(tmp_path):
    assert output == b"[ExifTool]      Validate                        : 0 0 0"


-def test_xmp_sidecar():
-    import osxphotos
+def test_xmp_sidecar(photosdb):

-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["xmp"]])

    xmp_expected = """<!-- Created with osxphotos https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos -->
@@ -738,12 +725,9 @@ def test_xmp_sidecar():
        <photoshop:SidecarForExtension>jpg</photoshop:SidecarForExtension>
        <dc:description>Girls with pumpkins</dc:description>
        <dc:title>Can we carry this?</dc:title>
-        <!-- keywords and persons listed in <dc:subject> as Photos does -->
        <dc:subject>
            <rdf:Seq>
                <rdf:li>Kids</rdf:li>
-                <rdf:li>Suzy</rdf:li>
-                <rdf:li>Katie</rdf:li>
            </rdf:Seq>
        </dc:subject>
        <photoshop:DateCreated>2018-09-28T15:35:49.063000-04:00</photoshop:DateCreated>
@@ -787,11 +771,9 @@ def test_xmp_sidecar():
        assert line_expected == line_got


-def test_xmp_sidecar_extension():
+def test_xmp_sidecar_extension(photosdb):
    """ test XMP sidecar when no extension is passed """
-    import osxphotos

-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["xmp"]])

    xmp_expected = """<!-- Created with osxphotos https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos -->
@@ -804,12 +786,9 @@ def test_xmp_sidecar_extension():
        <photoshop:SidecarForExtension>jpg</photoshop:SidecarForExtension>
        <dc:description>Girls with pumpkins</dc:description>
        <dc:title>Can we carry this?</dc:title>
-        <!-- keywords and persons listed in <dc:subject> as Photos does -->
        <dc:subject>
            <rdf:Seq>
                <rdf:li>Kids</rdf:li>
-                <rdf:li>Suzy</rdf:li>
-                <rdf:li>Katie</rdf:li>
            </rdf:Seq>
        </dc:subject>
        <photoshop:DateCreated>2018-09-28T15:35:49.063000-04:00</photoshop:DateCreated>
@@ -853,10 +832,8 @@ def test_xmp_sidecar_extension():
        assert line_expected == line_got


-def test_xmp_sidecar_use_persons_keyword():
-    import osxphotos
+def test_xmp_sidecar_use_persons_keyword(photosdb):

-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["xmp"]])

    xmp_expected = """<!-- Created with osxphotos https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos -->
@@ -869,7 +846,6 @@ def test_xmp_sidecar_use_persons_keyword():
        <photoshop:SidecarForExtension>jpg</photoshop:SidecarForExtension>
        <dc:description>Girls with pumpkins</dc:description>
        <dc:title>Can we carry this?</dc:title>
-        <!-- keywords and persons listed in <dc:subject> as Photos does -->
        <dc:subject>
            <rdf:Seq>
                <rdf:li>Kids</rdf:li>
@@ -920,10 +896,8 @@ def test_xmp_sidecar_use_persons_keyword():
        assert line_expected == line_got


-def test_xmp_sidecar_use_albums_keyword():
-    import osxphotos
+def test_xmp_sidecar_use_albums_keyword(photosdb):

-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["xmp"]])

    xmp_expected = """<!-- Created with osxphotos https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos -->
@@ -936,12 +910,11 @@ def test_xmp_sidecar_use_albums_keyword():
        <photoshop:SidecarForExtension>jpg</photoshop:SidecarForExtension>
        <dc:description>Girls with pumpkins</dc:description>
        <dc:title>Can we carry this?</dc:title>
-        <!-- keywords and persons listed in <dc:subject> as Photos does -->
        <dc:subject>
            <rdf:Seq>
                <rdf:li>Kids</rdf:li>
-                <rdf:li>Suzy</rdf:li>
-                <rdf:li>Katie</rdf:li>
+                <rdf:li>Pumpkin Farm</rdf:li>
+                <rdf:li>Test Album</rdf:li>
            </rdf:Seq>
        </dc:subject>
        <photoshop:DateCreated>2018-09-28T15:35:49.063000-04:00</photoshop:DateCreated>
@@ -987,11 +960,9 @@ def test_xmp_sidecar_use_albums_keyword():
        assert line_expected == line_got


-def test_xmp_sidecar_gps():
+def test_xmp_sidecar_gps(photosdb):
    """ Test export XMP sidecar with GPS info """
-    import osxphotos

-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["location"]])

    xmp_expected = """<!-- Created with osxphotos https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos -->
@@ -1004,7 +975,6 @@ def test_xmp_sidecar_gps():
        <photoshop:SidecarForExtension>jpg</photoshop:SidecarForExtension>
        <dc:description></dc:description>
        <dc:title>St. James&#39;s Park</dc:title>
-        <!-- keywords and persons listed in <dc:subject> as Photos does -->
        <dc:subject>
            <rdf:Seq>
                <rdf:li>UK</rdf:li>
@@ -1057,10 +1027,8 @@ def test_xmp_sidecar_gps():
        assert line_expected == line_got


-def test_xmp_sidecar_keyword_template():
-    import osxphotos
+def test_xmp_sidecar_keyword_template(photosdb):

-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["xmp"]])

    xmp_expected = """<!-- Created with osxphotos https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos -->
@@ -1073,12 +1041,12 @@ def test_xmp_sidecar_keyword_template():
        <photoshop:SidecarForExtension>jpg</photoshop:SidecarForExtension>
        <dc:description>Girls with pumpkins</dc:description>
        <dc:title>Can we carry this?</dc:title>
-        <!-- keywords and persons listed in <dc:subject> as Photos does -->
        <dc:subject>
            <rdf:Seq>
                <rdf:li>Kids</rdf:li>
-                <rdf:li>Suzy</rdf:li>
-                <rdf:li>Katie</rdf:li>
+                <rdf:li>Pumpkin Farm</rdf:li>
+                <rdf:li>Test Album</rdf:li>
+                <rdf:li>2018</rdf:li>
            </rdf:Seq>
        </dc:subject>
        <photoshop:DateCreated>2018-09-28T15:35:49.063000-04:00</photoshop:DateCreated>
--- a/tests/test_export_mojave_10_14_6.py
+++ b/tests/test_export_mojave_10_14_6.py
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 import pytest

+import osxphotos
 from osxphotos._constants import _UNKNOWN_PERSON

-# TODO: put some of this code into a pre-function
-

 PHOTOS_DB = "./tests/Test-10.14.6.photoslibrary/database/photos.db"
 PHOTOS_DB_PATH = "/Test-10.14.6.photoslibrary/database/photos.db"
@@ -63,18 +62,20 @@ EXIF_JSON_EXPECTED = """
    """


-def test_export_1():
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+def photosdb():
+    return osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
+
+
+def test_export_1(photosdb):
    # test basic export
    # get an unedited image and export it using default filename
    import os
    import os.path
    import tempfile

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["export"]])

    filename = photos[0].filename
@@ -85,18 +86,15 @@ def test_export_1():
    assert os.path.isfile(got_dest)


-def test_export_2():
+def test_export_2(photosdb):
    # test export with user provided filename
    import os
    import os.path
    import tempfile
    import time

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["export"]])

    timestamp = time.time()
@@ -108,18 +106,15 @@ def test_export_2():
    assert os.path.isfile(got_dest)


-def test_export_3():
+def test_export_3(photosdb):
    # test file already exists and test increment=True (default)
    import os
    import os.path
    import pathlib
    import tempfile

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["export"]])

    filename = photos[0].filename
@@ -135,7 +130,7 @@ def test_export_3():
    assert os.path.isfile(got_dest_2)


-def test_export_4():
+def test_export_4(photosdb):
    # test user supplied file already exists and test increment=True (default)
    import os
    import os.path
@@ -143,11 +138,8 @@ def test_export_4():
    import tempfile
    import time

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["export"]])

    timestamp = time.time()
@@ -163,18 +155,15 @@ def test_export_4():
    assert os.path.isfile(got_dest_2)


-def test_export_5():
+def test_export_5(photosdb):
    # test file already exists and test increment=True (default)
    # and overwrite = True
    import os
    import os.path
    import tempfile

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["export"]])

    filename = photos[0].filename
@@ -188,7 +177,7 @@ def test_export_5():
    assert os.path.isfile(got_dest_2)


-def test_export_6():
+def test_export_6(photosdb):
    # test user supplied file already exists and test increment=True (default)
    # and overwrite = True
    import os
@@ -197,11 +186,8 @@ def test_export_6():
    import tempfile
    import time

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["export"]])

    timestamp = time.time()
@@ -216,18 +202,15 @@ def test_export_6():
    assert os.path.isfile(got_dest_2)


-def test_export_7():
+def test_export_7(photosdb):
    # test file already exists and test increment=False (not default), overwrite=False (default)
    # should raise exception
    import os
    import os.path
    import tempfile

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["export"]])

    filename = photos[0].filename
@@ -240,18 +223,15 @@ def test_export_7():
    assert e.type == type(FileExistsError())


-def test_export_8():
+def test_export_8(photosdb):
    # try to export missing file
    # should raise exception
    import os
    import os.path
    import tempfile

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["missing"]])

    filename = photos[0].filename
@@ -262,18 +242,15 @@ def test_export_8():
    assert e.type == type(FileNotFoundError())


-def test_export_9():
+def test_export_9(photosdb):
    # try to export edited file that's not edited
    # should raise exception
    import os
    import os.path
    import tempfile

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["no_adjustments"]])

    filename = photos[0].filename
@@ -284,7 +261,7 @@ def test_export_9():
    assert e.type == ValueError


-def test_export_10():
+def test_export_10(photosdb):
    # try to export edited file that's not edited and name provided
    # should raise exception
    import os
@@ -292,11 +269,8 @@ def test_export_10():
    import tempfile
    import time

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["no_adjustments"]])

    timestamp = time.time()
@@ -308,18 +282,15 @@ def test_export_10():
    assert e.type == ValueError


-def test_export_11():
+def test_export_11(photosdb):
    # export edited file with name provided
    import os
    import os.path
    import tempfile
    import time

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["has_adjustments"]])

    timestamp = time.time()
@@ -330,18 +301,15 @@ def test_export_11():
    assert got_dest == expected_dest


-def test_export_12():
+def test_export_12(photosdb):
    # export edited file with default name
    import os
    import os.path
    import pathlib
    import tempfile

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name
-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["has_adjustments"]])

    edited_name = pathlib.Path(photos[0].path_edited).name
@@ -353,15 +321,13 @@ def test_export_12():
    assert got_dest == expected_dest


-def test_export_13():
+def test_export_13(photosdb):
    # export to invalid destination
    # should raise exception
    import os
    import os.path
    import tempfile

-    import osxphotos
-
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    dest = tempdir.name

@@ -371,7 +337,6 @@ def test_export_13():
        dest = os.path.join(dest, str(i))
        i += 1

-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["export"]])

    filename = photos[0].filename
@@ -382,11 +347,9 @@ def test_export_13():
    assert e.type == type(FileNotFoundError())


-def test_exiftool_json_sidecar():
-    import osxphotos
+def test_exiftool_json_sidecar(photosdb):
    import json

-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["location"]])

    json_expected = json.loads(EXIF_JSON_EXPECTED)[0]
@@ -408,10 +371,8 @@ def test_exiftool_json_sidecar():
            assert json_got[k] == v


-def test_xmp_sidecar():
-    import osxphotos
+def test_xmp_sidecar(photosdb):

-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["xmp"]])

    xmp_expected = """<!-- Created with osxphotos https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos -->
@@ -424,12 +385,9 @@ def test_xmp_sidecar():
        <photoshop:SidecarForExtension>jpg</photoshop:SidecarForExtension>
        <dc:description>Girls with pumpkins</dc:description>
        <dc:title>Can we carry this?</dc:title>
-        <!-- keywords and persons listed in <dc:subject> as Photos does -->
        <dc:subject>
            <rdf:Seq>
-                <rdf:li>Katie</rdf:li>
                <rdf:li>Kids</rdf:li>
-                <rdf:li>Suzy</rdf:li>
            </rdf:Seq>
        </dc:subject>
        <photoshop:DateCreated>2018-09-28T15:35:49.063000-04:00</photoshop:DateCreated>
@@ -471,10 +429,8 @@ def test_xmp_sidecar():
        assert line_expected == line_got


-def test_xmp_sidecar_keyword_template():
-    import osxphotos
+def test_xmp_sidecar_keyword_template(photosdb):

-    photosdb = osxphotos.PhotosDB(dbfile=PHOTOS_DB)
    photos = photosdb.photos(uuid=[UUID_DICT["xmp"]])

    xmp_expected = """<!-- Created with osxphotos https://github.com/RhetTbull/osxphotos -->
@@ -487,12 +443,12 @@ def test_xmp_sidecar_keyword_template():
        <photoshop:SidecarForExtension>jpg</photoshop:SidecarForExtension>
        <dc:description>Girls with pumpkins</dc:description>
        <dc:title>Can we carry this?</dc:title>
-        <!-- keywords and persons listed in <dc:subject> as Photos does -->
        <dc:subject>
            <rdf:Seq>
                <rdf:li>Kids</rdf:li>
-                <rdf:li>Suzy</rdf:li>
-                <rdf:li>Katie</rdf:li>
+                <rdf:li>Test Album</rdf:li>
+                <rdf:li>Pumpkin Farm</rdf:li>
+                <rdf:li>2018</rdf:li>
            </rdf:Seq>
        </dc:subject>
        <photoshop:DateCreated>2018-09-28T15:35:49.063000-04:00</photoshop:DateCreated>
--- a/tests/test_exportresults.py
+++ b/tests/test_exportresults.py
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ EXPORT_RESULT_ATTRIBUTES = [
    "converted_to_jpeg",
    "sidecar_json_written",
    "sidecar_json_skipped",
+    "sidecar_exiftool_written",
+    "sidecar_exiftool_skipped",
    "sidecar_xmp_written",
    "sidecar_xmp_skipped",
    "missing",
@@ -33,6 +35,8 @@ def test_exportresults_init():
    assert results.converted_to_jpeg == []
    assert results.sidecar_json_written == []
    assert results.sidecar_json_skipped == []
+    assert results.sidecar_exiftool_written == []
+    assert results.sidecar_exiftool_skipped == []
    assert results.sidecar_xmp_written == []
    assert results.sidecar_xmp_skipped == []
    assert results.missing == []
@@ -90,6 +94,6 @@ def test_str():
    results = ExportResults()
    assert (
        str(results)
-        == "ExportResults(exported=[],new=[],updated=[],skipped=[],exif_updated=[],touched=[],converted_to_jpeg=[],sidecar_json_written=[],sidecar_json_skipped=[],sidecar_xmp_written=[],sidecar_xmp_skipped=[],missing=[],error=[],exiftool_warning=[],exiftool_error=[])"
+        == "ExportResults(exported=[],new=[],updated=[],skipped=[],exif_updated=[],touched=[],converted_to_jpeg=[],sidecar_json_written=[],sidecar_json_skipped=[],sidecar_exiftool_written=[],sidecar_exiftool_skipped=[],sidecar_xmp_written=[],sidecar_xmp_skipped=[],missing=[],error=[],exiftool_warning=[],exiftool_error=[])"
    )

--- a/tests/test_image_converter.py
+++ b/tests/test_image_converter.py
@@ -89,14 +89,15 @@ def test_image_converter_bad_file():
    """ Try to convert a file that's not an image """
    import pathlib
    import tempfile
-    from osxphotos.imageconverter import ImageConverter
+    from osxphotos.imageconverter import ImageConverter, ImageConversionError

    converter = ImageConverter()
    tempdir = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="osxphotos_")
    with tempdir:
        imgfile = pathlib.Path(TEST_NOT_AN_IMAGE)
        outfile = pathlib.Path(tempdir.name) / f"{imgfile.stem}.jpeg"
-        assert not converter.write_jpeg(imgfile, outfile)
+        with pytest.raises(ImageConversionError):
+            converter.write_jpeg(imgfile, outfile)


 def test_image_converter_missing_file():
--- a/tests/test_search_info_10_15_7.py
+++ b/tests/test_search_info_10_15_7.py
@@ -32,15 +32,23 @@ def photosdb():
 def test_search_info(photosdb):
    for uuid in UUID_SEARCH_INFO:
        photo = photosdb.get_photo(uuid)
-        assert photo.search_info.asdict() == UUID_SEARCH_INFO[uuid]
+        search_dict = photo.search_info.asdict()
+        for k, v in search_dict.items():
+            if type(v) == list:
+                assert sorted(v) == sorted(UUID_SEARCH_INFO[uuid][k])
+            else:
+                assert v == UUID_SEARCH_INFO[uuid][k]


 def test_search_info_normalized(photosdb):
    for uuid in UUID_SEARCH_INFO_NORMALIZED:
        photo = photosdb.get_photo(uuid)
-        assert (
-            photo.search_info_normalized.asdict() == UUID_SEARCH_INFO_NORMALIZED[uuid]
-        )
+        search_dict = photo.search_info_normalized.asdict()
+        for k, v in search_dict.items():
+            if type(v) == list:
+                assert sorted(v) == sorted(UUID_SEARCH_INFO_NORMALIZED[uuid][k])
+            else:
+                assert v == UUID_SEARCH_INFO_NORMALIZED[uuid][k]


 def test_search_info_all(photosdb):
--- a/tests/test_template.py
+++ b/tests/test_template.py
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ TEMPLATE_VALUES_MULTI_KEYWORDS = {
 UUID_TITLE = "6191423D-8DB8-4D4C-92BE-9BBBA308AAC4"
 TEMPLATE_VALUES_TITLE = {
    "{title}": ["Tulips tied together at a flower shop"],
+    "{title[ ,_]}": ["Tulips_tied_together_at_a_flower_shop"],
    "{+title}": ["Tulips tied together at a flower shop"],
    "{,+title}": ["Tulips tied together at a flower shop"],
    "{, +title}": ["Tulips tied together at a flower shop"],
@@ -74,7 +75,9 @@ UUID_BOOL_VALUES_NOT = {
 UUID_EXIFTOOL = {
    "A92D9C26-3A50-4197-9388-CB5F7DB9FA91": {
        "{exiftool:EXIF:Make}": ["Canon"],
+        "{exiftool:EXIF:Make[Canon,CANON]}": ["CANON"],
        "{exiftool:EXIF:Model}": ["Canon PowerShot G10"],
+        "{exiftool:EXIF:Model[ G10,]}": ["Canon PowerShot"],
        "{exiftool:EXIF:Make}/{exiftool:EXIF:Model}": ["Canon/Canon PowerShot G10"],
        "{exiftool:IPTC:Keywords,foo}": ["foo"],
    },
@@ -87,6 +90,14 @@ UUID_EXIFTOOL = {
            "UK",
            "United Kingdom",
        ],
+        "{exiftool:IPTC:Keywords[ ,_|.,]}": [
+            "England",
+            "London",
+            "London_2018",
+            "St_James's_Park",
+            "UK",
+            "United_Kingdom",
+        ],
        "{,+exiftool:IPTC:Keywords}": [
            "England,London,London 2018,St. James's Park,UK,United Kingdom"
        ],
@@ -96,7 +107,9 @@ UUID_EXIFTOOL = {
 TEMPLATE_VALUES = {
    "{name}": "128FB4C6-0B16-4E7D-9108-FB2E90DA1546",
    "{original_name}": "IMG_1064",
+    "{original_name[_,-]}": "IMG-1064",
    "{title}": "Glen Ord",
+    "{title[ ,]}": "GlenOrd",
    "{descr}": "Jack Rose Dining Saloon",
    "{created.date}": "2020-02-04",
    "{created.year}": "2020",
@@ -123,6 +136,10 @@ TEMPLATE_VALUES = {
    "{place.address.postal_code}": "20009",
    "{place.address.country}": "United States",
    "{place.address.country_code}": "US",
+    "{uuid}": "128FB4C6-0B16-4E7D-9108-FB2E90DA1546",
+    "{exif.camera_make}": "Apple",
+    "{exif.camera_model}": "iPhone 6s",
+    "{exif.lens_model}": "iPhone 6s back camera 4.15mm f/2.2",
 }


@@ -170,17 +187,21 @@ TEMPLATE_VALUES_DATE_MODIFIED = {
 }

 TEMPLATE_VALUES_DATE_NOT_MODIFIED = {
+    # uses creation date instead of modified date
    "{name}": "128FB4C6-0B16-4E7D-9108-FB2E90DA1546",
    "{original_name}": "IMG_1064",
-    "{modified.date}": "_",
-    "{modified.year}": "_",
-    "{modified.yy}": "_",
-    "{modified.mm}": "_",
-    "{modified.month}": "_",
-    "{modified.mon}": "_",
-    "{modified.dd}": "_",
-    "{modified.doy}": "_",
-    "{modified.dow}": "_",
+    "{modified.date}": "2020-02-04",
+    "{modified.year}": "2020",
+    "{modified.yy}": "20",
+    "{modified.mm}": "02",
+    "{modified.month}": "February",
+    "{modified.mon}": "Feb",
+    "{modified.dd}": "04",
+    "{modified.dow}": "Tuesday",
+    "{modified.doy}": "035",
+    "{modified.hour}": "19",
+    "{modified.min}": "07",
+    "{modified.sec}": "38",
 }


@@ -785,3 +806,4 @@ def test_exiftool_template():
        for template in UUID_EXIFTOOL[uuid]:
            rendered, _ = photo.render_template(template)
            assert sorted(rendered) == sorted(UUID_EXIFTOOL[uuid][template])
+
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Rhet Turnbull	90b493b7a4	Merge pull request #327 from synox/patch-1 doc: start with examples before the export reference, thanks to @synox	2021-01-03 10:30:28 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	2480f2a325	Added tag_groups arg to ExifTool.asdict(), issue #324	2021-01-03 10:28:44 -08:00
Aravindo Wingeier	a59bb5b02f	remove extra spaces	2021-01-03 19:09:29 +01:00
Aravindo Wingeier	7c8bfc811a	Adding back dependency https://github.com/RhetTbull/PhotoScript )	2021-01-03 19:08:32 +01:00
Aravindo Wingeier	7c7bf1be6b	doc: start with examples before the export reference Because the very long export reference might makes it hard to spot the examples.	2021-01-03 19:04:49 +01:00
Rhet Turnbull	b1cab32ff4	Updated dependencies in README.md	2021-01-03 09:48:01 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	05f111a287	Added exception handling/capture for convert-to-jpeg, issue #322	2021-01-03 09:36:26 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	83915c65ab	Add @synox as a contributor	2021-01-03 09:24:45 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	22f44f7f40	Merge pull request #326 from synox/master Make readme easier for beginners, thanks to @synox	2021-01-03 09:21:20 -08:00
Aravindo Wingeier	02ef0f9a25	doc simplify readme	2021-01-03 18:04:51 +01:00
Rhet Turnbull	6347d94dfb	Updated CHANGELOG.md	2021-01-03 08:47:16 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	a32c102d62	Updated CHANGELOG.md	2021-01-03 08:46:36 -08:00
Aravindo Wingeier	38842ff924	Cleanup up the readme simplify as much as possible	2021-01-03 17:31:42 +01:00
Rhet Turnbull	478715a363	Implemented text replacement for templates, issue #316	2021-01-03 07:38:07 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	74f1002b9a	Updated CHANGELOG.md	2020-12-31 13:11:21 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	2f57abd23c	Fixed modified template to use creation time if no modificationd date, issue #312	2020-12-31 13:07:00 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	f9a43b92c1	Updated CHANGELOG.md	2020-12-31 12:36:16 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	bf2a55d7f6	Added --xattr-template, closes #242	2020-12-31 12:33:15 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	34bb7f2cdc	Updated CHANGELOG.md	2020-12-30 20:48:38 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	3394c52768	Fixed --exiftool-path bug, issue #311 , #313	2020-12-30 20:21:05 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	27282af3b9	Updated CHANGELOG.md	2020-12-30 14:00:31 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	b7b06b9fdb	Merge pull request #310 from RhetTbull/finder_tags Added Finder tags, partial implementation for issue #242	2020-12-30 13:52:37 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	29e424575a	Added tests for Finder tags	2020-12-30 13:37:15 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	ea373c4197	Updated requirements.txt	2020-12-30 08:52:58 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	f25a299309	Updated README for finder tags	2020-12-30 08:51:01 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	5885b23d32	Initial implementation for Finder tags	2020-12-30 08:32:42 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	5dccdf7750	Fixed --exiftool-path bug, issue #308	2020-12-30 07:31:07 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	e9134f84df	Updated CHANGELOG.md	2020-12-29 09:51:18 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	3872e7ae64	Fixed --exiftool-path to work with --exiftool-merge-keywords/persons	2020-12-29 09:47:03 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	b3e86dffc8	Updated CHANGELOG.md	2020-12-29 09:46:25 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	4897fc4b05	Added --exiftool-path to CLI	2020-12-29 09:23:51 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	1dbf22fdc9	Updated CHANGELOG.md	2020-12-29 08:03:21 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	fa58af8b88	Added exiftool signature to JSON output, issue #303	2020-12-29 07:51:34 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	9c9bcb08b3	Updated CHANGELOG.md	2020-12-28 15:42:09 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	b1cb99f83f	Added --exiftool-merge-keywords/persons, issue #299 , #292	2020-12-28 15:31:31 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	d3605f6303	Updated CHANGELOG.md	2020-12-28 11:58:00 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	dce002cdfe	Added --sidecar-drop-ext, issue #291	2020-12-28 11:54:02 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	7bd189e9b2	Updated Template Substitution table	2020-12-28 09:26:38 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	baa86c77f6	Updated CHANGELOG.md	2020-12-28 09:17:06 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	0d086bf851	Added searchinfo templates, issue #302	2020-12-28 09:14:08 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	ade98fc150	Refactored sidecar code	2020-12-28 08:23:23 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	0d66759b1c	Refactored export2 to use sidecar bit field	2020-12-27 22:45:47 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	d833c14ef4	Added --sidecar exiftool, issue #303	2020-12-27 22:17:56 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	34841f86c0	Updated CHANGELOG.md	2020-12-27 09:29:32 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	4cc40d24cf	Bug fix for --description-template, issue #304	2020-12-27 09:26:54 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	1ccf03e158	Updated CHANGELOG.md	2020-12-27 08:45:49 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	75888cd663	Set XMP:Subject to match Keywords, issue #302	2020-12-27 08:35:30 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	a08d0725b9	Updated CHANGELOG.md	2020-12-26 08:36:17 -08:00
Rhet Turnbull	f9f699ba35	Fixed city/sub-locality for SearchInfo	2020-12-26 08:31:14 -08:00